LOCATION PAKALA                  HI

Established Series
Rev. HHS/RCH/MRK
09/2020

PAKALA SERIES

The Pakala series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium weathered from basic igneous rock. Pakala soils are on alluvial fans and in valleys; and have slopes of 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual rainfall is about 762 millimeters (30 inches) and mean annual air temperature is about 23 degrees C. (74 degrees F.)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, parasesquic, nonacid, isohyperthermic Aridic Ustifluvents

TYPICAL PEDON: Pakala clay loam - koa-haole brush. (Colors for moist soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are "apparent field textures.")

A--0 to 41 centimeters (0 to 16 inches); dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/3) clay loam, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) dry; moist rubbed color is dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3); weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common medium, fine and very fine roots; common fine tubular pores; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; very strongly acid (pH 5.0); abrupt smooth boundary. (38 to 43 centimeters thick)

AC--41 to 56 centimeters (16 to 22 inches); dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/3) very fine sandy loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and moderately plastic; common medium and fine roots; common fine irregular pores; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; under hand lens material appears to be made up of very fine sand-size particles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); abrupt smooth boundary. (13 to 18 centimeters thick)

C1--56 to 69 centimeters (22 to 27 inches); very dusky red (10R 2.5/2) silt loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky, slightly plastic and weakly smeary; common medium and fine roots; common fine irregular pores; very slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; many small pieces of charcoal that are very smeary; moderately acid (pH 5.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (10 to 15 centimeters thick)

C2--69 to 152 centimeters (27 to 60 inches); dusky red (10R 3/3) silty clay loam, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, very friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few medium and fine roots; many fine tubular pores; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; horizon is stratified with a layer of highly weathered gravel and sand at a depth of 112 to 117 centimeters (44 to 46 inches) and at 137 centimeters (54 inches) a 1.3 centimeter (1/2-inch) thick layer of very dusky red (2.5YR 2/2) material that is smeary; material has appearance, under hand lens, of being made up of very fine sand; moderately acid (pH 5.8).

TYPE LOCATION: Island of Kauai, Kauai County, Hawaii; Hanapepe Quadrangle; 21 degrees 56 minutes 20.7 seconds north latitude and 159 degrees 37 minutes 7.4 seconds west longitude. (WGS84 datum)

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The soils are very stratified; thickness and texture of the horizons ranges widely in short distances. Effervescence with hydrogen peroxide ranges from slight to strong. The soils have hue of 10R through 5YR, value of 2 through 4 and chroma of 2 through 4. The C horizon can be stratified with very fine sand, sand, and gravel. The thin smeary layers in the C horizon are absent in some pedons. Mean annual soil temperature is about 23 degrees C. (73 degrees F.)

COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Pakala soils are on low elevation mountain slopes in stream valleys and on alluvial fans. Slope usually is 0 to 2 percent but with an extreme range up to 12 percent on some fans. Elevation ranges from 0 to 122 meters (0 to 400 feet). The soils formed in alluvium from basic igneous materials. Annual rainfall is from 635 to 1016 millimeters (25 to 40 inches). Average January temperature is about 22 degrees C. (72 degrees F.); and average July temperature is about 26 degrees C. (78 degrees F.) Mean annual temperature is about 23 degrees C. (74 degrees F.)

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Makaweli, Jaucas, and Hanalei soils. Makaweli are upland soils formed in residuum of basic igneous rock. Jaucas soils are coarse textured and formed in coral sand. Hanalei soils have mottles throughout the profile.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained; low runoff; moderately high to high saturated hydraulic conductivity .

USE AND VEGETATION: Truck or vegetable crops. Some areas are in pasture and others in brush or timber. Principal vegetation of uncultivated areas includes koa-haole (Leucaena glauca), kiawe (Prosopis chilensis), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), mango (Mangifera indica), and associated plants.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Stream bottoms and alluvial fans on the south and west sides of Kauai Island, Hawaii. This series is inextensive, with a total of approximately 2,000 acres.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island of Kauai, Kauai County, Hawaii, 1971.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 41 centimeters

OSED scanned by SSQA. Last revised by state on 3/2001.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.