LOCATION PARKFALLS WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Epiaquods
TYPICAL PEDON: Parkfalls sandy loam, on a linear, east-facing 2 percent slope, in a hardwood forest, at an elevation of about 1,020 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oa--0 to 3 inches; black (N 2.5/) highly decomposed plant material, black (7.5YR 2.5/1) dry; strong fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; 2 percent stones and 4 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 3 inches thick)
E--3 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) sandy loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; weak thick platy structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; friable; few very fine, fine and medium roots; 2 percent stones, 4 percent cobbles and 6 percent gravel; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
Bs1--7 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine and medium roots and few coarse roots; 1 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles and 8 percent gravel; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bs2--17 to 28 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; weakly cemented, dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/3) ortstein occupies 5 percent of the horizon; 1 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles and 8 percent gravel; many medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the Bs horizon ranges from 4 to 25 inches)
B/E--28 to 35 inches; 70 percent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) sandy loam (Bt); weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; very few very fine and fine roots; few distinct reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; penetrated by tongues of pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) loamy sand (E); weak medium platy structure; friable; 4 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; many coarse prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (glossic horizon ranges from 4 to 25 inches thick)
Bt--35 to 46 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; very few fine roots; common distinct reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; penetrated by 5 percent interfingering of pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) loamy sand; 3 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick)
2BCd--46 to 58 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) loamy sand; massive tending to part along horizontal cleavage planes to weak medium plates; firm; few distinct reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) clay films on bottom faces of peds; 3 percent cobbles and 10 percent gravel; few medium prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions and few medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation in fracture planes; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 23 inches)
2Cd--58 to 80 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loamy sand; massive tending to part along horizontal cleavage planes; firm; 4 percent cobbles and 8 percent gravel; slightly acid
TYPE LOCATION: Douglas County, Wisconsin; about 5 miles south of Solon Springs; 1280 feet north and 2300 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 44 N., R. 11 W.; Solon Springs, Wis. USGS quadrangle; lat. 46 degrees, 15 minutes, 45 seconds N., and long. 91 degrees, 47 minutes, 27 seconds W.; NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the densic contact ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Content of clay averages from 7 to 17 percent in the particle-size control section and in the argillic horizon. The content of sand coarser than very fine averages 35 to 70 percent. Coarse fragments are dominantly of igneous origin and are of mixed lithology. Total volume of rock fragment ranges from 0 to 15 percent in the upper part of the loamy alluvium, 0 to 25 percent in the lower part, and 5 to 35 percent in the dense till. Volume of gravel ranges from 0 to 20 percent in the loamy alluvium and from 5 to 35 percent in the dense till. Volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent and volume of stones ranges from 0 to 3 percent throughout. Surface stones have coverage ranging from 0 to 3 percent. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid in the upper part of the loamy alluvium, but ranges to neutral where the soil is limed. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid in the lower part of the loamy alluvium and from strongly acid to neutral in the dense till. Masses of iron accumulations are in the spodic horizon within 20 inches of the mineral soil surface. Aquic conditions occur within 20 inches at some time in normal years.
O horizon
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or neutral
Value: 2 to 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: a mat of partially to highly decomposed forest litter.
Some pedons have an A or Ap horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam.
E horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
(Colors of 4/3 or 5/3 have value dry of 7 or more)
Texture: sandy loam or fine sandy loam.
Bs horizon
Hue: 7.5YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs.
Some pedons have an E' horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
(Colors of 4/3, 5/3, or 6/3 have value dry of 7 or more)
Texture: sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam.
Parkfalls soils have a glossic horizon (E/B or B/E horizons, or both). The E part of the E/B or B/E horizon has colors and textures like the E' horizon described above. The Bt part of the E/B or B/E horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 4, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam. Bulk density ranges from 1.65 to 1.85 gm/cc.
Bt horizon
Color, textures and bulk density are like the Bt part of the E/B or B/E horizon described above.
2BCd and 2Cd horizons
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 4
Texture: predominantly loamy sand or gravelly loamy sand, but some pedons have sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam textures. Clay content averages from 2 to 7 percent.
Bulk Density: 1.85 to 2.00 gm/cc.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Moodig, Mudlake, Pesabic, and Worwood series. Moodig, Mudlake, and Worwood soils do not have a densic contact within the series control section. Pesabic soils average more than 7 percent clay in the dense till.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: Formed in loamy alluvium underlain by dense sandy or loamy lodgement till.
Landform: disintegration moraines.
Slope: 0 to 4 percent.
Elevation: 1000 to 1500 feet.
Mean annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F.
Mean annual precipitation: 28 to 33 inches.
Frost-free days: 110 to 135 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Beaverbay, Frogcreek, Stanberry, Stinnett, and Wozny soils. The moderately well drained Beaverbay and Frogcreek soils are on more sloping landscape positions and have a silty mantle. The moderately well drained Stanberry soils form a hydrosequence with the Parkfalls soils. The somewhat poorly drained Stinnett soils are on similar landscape positions, but have a silty mantle. The very poorly drained Wozny soils are in depressions and have a silty mantle.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Runoff is low or medium. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the loamy alluvium, moderately slow in the lower part, and slow in the dense till. Parkfalls soils have seasonal saturation perched above the densic contact at a depth of 0.5 to 2.5 feet at some time during the period of October to June in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in woodland. Common trees are red maple, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, paper birch, and northern red oak with eastern hophornbeam, bigtooth aspen, white ash and yellow birch as associates in most stands. Some areas are cleared and used for pastureland or cropland. Corn, small grains, and hay are the common crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Wisconsin. LRR K and MLRA 90A and 91B. The soil is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Douglas County, Wisconsin, 2003. Source of the name is a city in northern Price County.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle size control section: the zone from 10 to 40 inches.
Ochric epipedon: from 0 to 7 inches (Oa, E).
Albic horizon: from 3 to 7 inches (E), and 28 to 35 inches (E part of B/E).
Spodic horizon: from 7 to 28 inches (Bs1, Bs2).
Glossic horizon: from 28 to 35 inches (B/E).
Argillic horizon: from 28 to 46 inches (B/E, Bt).
Densic contact: the contact with dense till (2BCd and 2Cd) at 46 inches.
Redoximorphic concentrations: oxidized color features in the zone from 3 to 58 inches.
Lithologic discontinuity: at the upper boundary of the 2BCd horizon at 46 inches.
Redoxymorphic features and saturation within the albic and spodic horizons.
ADDITIONAL DATA: