LOCATION SOLONA WI+MIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Solona loam - on a 1 percent slope in an alfalfa field at an elevation of about 928 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; about 3 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--9 to 19 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and channels; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; few fine prominent pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions; about 8 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--19 to 27 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores and channels; common medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) iron depletions; about 7 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons ranges from 14 to 30 inches.)
C--27 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) loam; massive; friable; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct brown (7.5YR 5/2) iron depletions; about 12 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Shawano County, Wisconsin; about 2 miles east and 3 miles north of Briarton; 140 feet west and 660 feet north of the southeast corner, sec. 11, T. 25 N., R. 17 E. USGS Bonduel, Wis. Quad.; Latitude 44 degrees 38 minutes 54 seconds N., Longitude 88 degrees 23 minutes 02 seconds W. NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of soil development and to carbonates typically ranges from 24 to 30 inches, but the full range is 20 to 40 inches. The particle-size control section averages between 12 and 18 percent clay. Volume of gravel ranges from 2 to 15 percent in the solum and 2 to 25 percent in the substratum. Volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 8 percent in the solum and substratum. Reaction is neutral or mildly alkaline in the surface layer and subsoil but ranges to moderately alkaline in the lower subsoil in some pedons. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline in the substratum. Carbonates are in the substratum and, in some pedons, are in the lower part of the subsoil.
The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR ; value of 2 to 4; and chroma of 1 to 3. Uncultivated pedons have an A horizon with similar hue, but value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture of the Ap or A horizon is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam.
Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is dominantly sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam; but ranges to loamy sand in some pedons.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 4 or 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam, but some pedons have thin subhorizons with more than 20 percent clay.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR , value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam or the gravelly analogs.
COMPETING SERIES: This is the Nereson series. Nereson soils have a 10 to 36 inch thick mantle of loamy outwash over the till.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Solona soils are in depressions and drainageways of ground moraines. Slopes are concave or plane and gradients range from 0 to 3 percent. These soils formed in calcareous sandy loam or loam till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 27 to 33 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 42 to 45 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Angelica, Menominee, Onaway, and Tilleda soils. The well drained Onaway and the poorly drained Angelica soils are in a drainage sequence with Solona soils and are the most closely associated soils. In some areas, where 20 to 40 inches of sand overlies the till, Menominee soils are associated with the Solona soils. Tilleda soils are on nearby well drained sites.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible or low. Permeability is moderate. These soils have an apparent seasonal high water table at a depth of 1 to 2 feet for some time in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, small grain, and hay. Native vegetation is mostly mixed deciduous forest. Common trees are white ash, sugar maple, northern red oak, and American basswood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Solona soils are of large extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Brown County, Wisconsin, 1970.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
mollic epipedon - 0 to 9 inches (Ap );
argillic horizon - 9 to 27 inches (Bt1, Bt2);
aquic feature - redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and saturation in upper 25 cm of the argillic horizon.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to soil survey sample numbers 78WI115001 and 79WI115015 for NSSL data on 2 Solona pedons.