LOCATION SUMMIT OK+AR KS MO

Established Series
Rev. ELC-JWF-RGC
12/2015

SUMMIT SERIES

The Summit series consists of very deep, moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in clayey colluvium or residuum weathered from shales of Pennsylvanian age. These soils are on interfluves, divides, and hillslopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1041 mm (41 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Argiudolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Summit silty clay loam, in rangeland on a footslope, at an elevation of 230 meters (755 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

A1--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam; strong fine and medium granular structure; hard, friable; many fine roots throughout; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick]

A2--18 to 33 cm (7 to 13 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam; strong medium granular structure; very hard; firm; many fine roots throughout; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 inches) thick]

BA--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; many fine roots throughout; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) thick]

Bt1--53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay; moderate medium blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; many fine roots throughout; few slickensides; clay films or pressure faces on faces of peds; common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. [20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches) thick]

Bt2--94 to 130 cm (37 to 51 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay; moderate medium and coarse blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; common fine roots throughout; few slickensides; clay films or pressure faces on faces of peds; common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches) thick]

Bt3--130 to 165 cm (51 to 65 inches); very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) silty clay; moderate medium and coarse blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; common fine roots throughout; few slickensides; clay films or pressure faces on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [20 to 46 cm (8 to 18 inches) thick]

BC--165 to 226 cm (65 to 89 inches); very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) silty clay; weak medium and coarse blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm; few fine roots throughout; few slickensides; patchy clay films or pressure faces on faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; few fragments of sandstone and shale from 2 to 75 mm in diameter; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. [36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches) thick]

C--226 to 295 cm (89 to 116 inches); intermingled yellowish red (5YR 4/6), dark gray (10YR 4/1), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay; massive; extremely hard, very firm; few black (10YR 2/1) manganese concretions in the matrix; few fragments of shale from 2 to 75 mm in diameter; neutral.

TYPE LOCATION: Rogers County, Oklahoma; about 6 miles east of Tulsa; 1,900 feet south and 1,800 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 20 N., R. 14 E.; USGS Mingo, Oklahoma topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 11 minutes 11 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 47 minutes 10 seconds W.; UTM Zone 15, 249614 easting and 4008317 northing; NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 127 to more than 152 cm (50 to more than 60 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Special features: this soil has a COLE of 0.09 or more and has deep wide cracks usually during the summer months. Slickensides occur in the B horizons.

A horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silty clay loam or silty clay
Clay content: 28 to 60 percent
Sand content: 4 to 15 percent
Structure: moderate or strong, fine or medium granular
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent; 2 to 75 mm in diameter
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

BA horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Clay content: 30 to 60 percent
Sand content: 5 to 20 percent
Structure: weak or moderate subangular blocky
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent; 2 to 75 mm in diameter
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

Bt1 horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay
Clay content: 40 to 70 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent; 2 to 75 mm in diameter
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

Lower part of Bt horizon and BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 2 to 4
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: silty clay or clay
Clay content: 40 to 65 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent; 2 to 75 mm in diameter
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

C horizon:
Color: intermingled red, gray, and brown redoximorphic features
Texture: silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent; 2 to 75 mm in diameter
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

Some pedons have grayish Cr horizons.

COMPETING SERIES: There are no others series in the same family.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Summit soils are on interfluves, divides, and hillslopes on plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. The soils formed in calcareous clayey colluvium or residuum weathered from shales of Pennsylvanian age. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 889 to 1194 mm (35 to 47 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 14 to 18 degrees C (57 to 65 degrees F). Elevation is 165 to 395 meters (540 to 1295 feet) above mean sea level. Thornthwaite Annual P-E Index ranges from 64 to 82.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Apperson, Catoosa, Claremore, Dennis, Lula, Newtonia, Okemah, Shidler, and Woodson soils. Apperson, Catoosa, Claremore, Lula, Newtonia, and Shidler soils are at higher elevations. Dennis, Okemah, and Woodson soils are intermingled with this soil or they are at lower elevations. Catoosa, Claremore, Lula, and Newtonia soils are fine-silty. In addition, Catoosa soils have bedrock between depths of 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches); Claremore and Shidler soils have bedrock within a depth of 51 cm (20 inches).

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 inches) between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff ranges from low to high depending on slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low. Permeability is slow.

USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are cultivated to general field crops on 0 to 5 percent slopes. The steeper slopes and part of gentler slopes are used for native range and pasture. Native vegetation is tall grass prairie.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 112 and 116 in northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma. The type location is in MLRA 112. The series is extensive.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bates County, Missouri; 1903.

REMARKS: 12/2015 revision: updated landforms and added somewhat poorly drained class based on review of NASIS database; added metric units; updated terminology used to describe redox features; added depth to perched water table; added MLRA 116 to extent.

Evaluation of the drainage class and depth to water table is needed as part of MLRA update projects.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data is available for the typical pedon (User Pedon ID S1973OK131001 or Lab Number 40A4748) from the Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.