LOCATION TAPAWINGO IN

Established Series
Rev. BGN-GRS-KKN
11/2021

TAPAWINGO SERIES

The Tapawingo series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy soil materials. The Tapawingo soils are on reconstructed landforms on mined areas of till plains. Slope ranges from 2 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1118 mm (44 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Udorthents

TYPICAL PEDON: Tapawingo silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 195 meters (640 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 5 cm (0 to 2 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate coarse granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick]

CA--5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches); mixed about 60 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and about 40 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; 0.6 to 2 cm (1/4 inch to 1 inch) thick platy clods that part to moderate fine angular blocky clods; firm; many fine roots between clods; 2 percent channers and gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) thick]

Cd1--13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches); mixed about 70 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and about 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; massive; very firm; 0.6 to 2 cm (1/4 inch to 1 inch) thick platy clods with horizontal cleavage planes and vertical cracks that are 2 to 8 cm (1 to 3 inches) apart; common fine flat roots between clods; 9 percent channers and gravel; brittle; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Cd2--30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 inches); mixed about 50 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and 50 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), about 50 percent silt loam and 50 percent silty clay loam; massive; very firm; 0.6 to 2 cm (1/4 inch to 1 inch) thick platy clods with horizontal cleavage planes and vertical cracks that are 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) apart; common fine flat roots between clods; 3 percent channers and gravel; brittle; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cd3--61 to 69 cm (24 to 27 inches); mixed about 85 percent dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam and about 15 percent 0.6 to 1 cm (1/4 to 1/2 inch) thick bodies of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; massive; firm; 9 percent shale, siltstone and sandstone channers; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Cd horizon is 41 to 71 cm (16 to 28 inches).]

2C--69 to 203 cm (27 to 80 inches); mixed dark gray (10YR 4/1) very parachannery silt loam and very parachannery silty clay loam; massive; firm; 20 percent shale, siltstone and sandstone channers; 35 percent parachanners (shale); mixed slightly alkaline to slightly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Owen County, Indiana; about 6 miles northeast of Clay City; 2,200 feet west and 200 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 10 N., R. 6 W.; USGS Clay City, Ind. topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 18 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 87 degrees 01 minute 57 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 497198 easting and 4351610 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the loamy soil materials: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 34 percent clay and 8 to 35 percent sand
Organic carbon content: decreases irregularly with depth because of the mixed soil material
Rock fragments: dominantly chert, and very strongly cemented or indurated sandstone, siltstone or shale
Other features: The individual layers within the soil are variable in thickness and composition. These soils have compacted layers. The soils were excavated and graded with dozer and earth moving pans. Tillage after soil grading has generally been restricted to the surface layer. The compacted layers have high bulk density which restricts root penetration and water movement in the soil.

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam
Structure: weak or moderate, fine to coarse, granular or subangular blocky
Rock fragment content: 1 to 5 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

CA horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: commonly silt loam and less commonly silty clay loam, loam or clay loam
Structure: platy clods that are 0.6 to 5 cm (1/4 to 2 inches) thick with horizons cleavage planes and vertical cracks that are 2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) apart and part to angular blocky clods
Consistence: firm or very firm
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral

Cd horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: commonly silt loam or silty clay loam and less commonly loam or clay loam
Structure: platy clods that are 0.6 to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches) thick with horizontal cleavage plane and vertical cracks that are 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 inches) apart
Consistence: very firm or extremely firm
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent; common pockets and lenses of parachanners (shale) are mixed into the lower 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches)
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral

2C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 8
Texture: commonly parachannery or very parachannery silt loam or silty clay loam
Consistence: very firm to friable
Rock fragment content: 2 to 25 percent
Pararock fragment content: 20 to 60 percent parachanners
Reaction: mixed and ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Chantilly (T), Hattontown (T), and Nawakwa series. Chantilly soils are formed entirely in residuum from Triassic sandstone and shale in MLRA 148. Hattontown soils are formed entirely in residuum for diabase and basalt in MLRA 148. Nawakwa soils have less than 51 cm (20 inches) of loamy soil materials over the graded shaley regolith.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Tapawingo soils are typically on mined areas of till plains. They are on summits, shoulders and backslopes of reconstructed landforms. Slope ranges from 2 to 20 percent. These soils formed in loamy soil materials that were excavated and reclaimed during surface mining. The upper 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) of the regolith is mostly a mixture of soil materials from the pre-mined soils. The soil material is dominantly from loess and till. The lower part of the regolith consists mainly of soft shale with pockets of soil material of the pre-mined soils with minor amounts of sandstone and shale rock fragments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1143 mm (40 to 45 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 12 to 13 degrees C (53 to 56 degrees F). Frost-free period ranges from 170 to 200 days. Elevation ranges from 122 to 244 meters (400 to 800 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Minnehaha, Nawakwa, and Hollybrook soils in mined areas, and the Ava, Hickory, Shakamak, and Vigo soils on till plains. The somewhat excessively drained Minnehaha soils are on backslopes of spoil hills. The somewhat poorly drained Hollybrook soils and the competing Nawakwa soils are on similar landform positions as the Tapawingo soils. The moderately well drained Ava and Shakamak soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes. The Hickory soils are on backslopes. The somewhat poorly drained Vigo soils are on nearly level summits.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is high or very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low or moderately low. Permeability is very slow.

USE AND VEGETATION: Tapawingo soils are used mainly for growing hay or in pasture. A few areas have been planted to trees, and a few areas are used for growing corn and soybeans.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Indiana; MLRAs 114B and 120B. The type location is in MLRA 114B. The series is of small extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Owen County, Indiana. 1997.

REMARKS: These soils were correlated as reclaimed units of the Fairpoint series in adjacent subset soil surveys. They are reclaimed using procedures adopted since about 1975.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 5 cm (Ap horizon).

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data available for typical pedon S94IN119-3 and an additional pedon S94IN119-1 is at the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.