LOCATION TOIVOLA MIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid, ortstein Lamellic Haplorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Toivola sand - on a 1 percent northeast facing slope in a forested area at an elevation of 294 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oi--0 to 2 centimeters; slightly decomposed leaf litter and twigs; extremely acid (pH 4.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (2 to 5 centimeters thick)
E--2 to 23 centimeters; light brown (7.5YR 6/3) sand, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; single grain; loose; common very fine to very coarse roots; about 1 percent fine gravel; extremely acid (pH 4.1); clear wavy boundary. (15 to 30 centimeters thick)
Bhs--23 to 33 centimeters; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) fine sand; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine to very coarse roots; about 1 percent fine gravel; extremely acid (pH 4.2); very dusky red (2.5YR 2.5/2) weakly cemented ortstein occupies 54 percent of the horizon and extends into the Bs horizon; clear irregular boundary. (5 to 38 centimeters thick)
Bs1--33 to 58 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine to coarse roots; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid (pH 4.9); gradual wavy boundary.
Bs2--58 to 81 centimeters; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine to coarse roots; about 1 percent fine gravel; strongly acid (pH 5.1); gradual wavy boundary. (15 to 64 centimeters thick)
E'--81 to 140 centimeters; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; loose; very few fine to coarse roots; about 1 percent fine gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary. (46 to 61 centimeters thick)
E and Bt--140 to 203 centimeters; E part - brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; single grain; loose; Bt part - brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand lamellae; massive; very friable; each 0.3 to 0.6 centimeters thick, with a total accumulation of less than 8 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; very few fine and medium roots; about 1 percent fine gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6).
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area 93B-Superior Stony and Rocky Loamy Plains and Hills, Eastern Part; Ontonagon County, Michigan subset; about 13 miles north of Toivola; 1900 feet west and 1300 feet south of the northeast corner of Section 35, T53N, R37W; USGS Winona North topographic quadrangle; latitude 46 degrees 56 minutes 57.50 seconds North and longitude 88 degrees 57 minutes 43 seconds West; NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to first lamellae--76 to 152 centimeters
Texture of the lamellae--loamy fine sand, loamy sand, sandy loam
Thickness of individual lamellae--0.3 to 2 centimeters
Total accumulation of lamellae--less than 15 centimeters
Gravel content (by volume)--0 to 10 percent throughout
Gravel size-typically 2 to 5 millimeters (fine)
Reaction (Oi, E, Bhs, Bs1, and Bs2 horizons)-pH 3.5 to 5.5 (extremely acid to strongly acid)
Reaction (E' and E and Bt horizons)-pH 5.1 to 6.0 (strongly acid to moderately acid)
A horizon (when present)
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sand or fine sand
E horizon
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: sand or fine sand
Bhs horizon
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: fine sand or sand
Bs horizons
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: fine sand or sand
E' horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: fine sand or sand
E part of E and Bt horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: fine sand or sand
Bt part of E and Bt horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy fine sand, loamy sand or sand loam
COMPETING SERIES: There are no series in the same Taxonomic Class. Series in similar taxonomic classes and closely related to Toivola are Garlic, Blue Lake, Chinwhisker, Islandlake, and Lindquist. Garlic soils do not have lamellae. Blue Lake, Chinwhisker, Islandlake, and Lindquist soils lack ortstein.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landform--till plains and outwash plains
Slope--1 to 70 percent
Parent material--sandy glaciofluvial deposits
Elevations--185 to 455 meters.
Mean annual precipitation--760 to 910 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature--3 to 7 degrees C.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Alcona,
Keweenaw, and
Kalkaska soils.
Alcona-are on similar landscape positions, but lack ortstein and are in the Alfic Haplorthods Subgroup.
Keweenaw--are on similar landscape positions, but are in the Alfic Haplorthods Subgroup.
Kalkaska--are on similar landscape positions, but are in the Typic Haplorthods Subgroup.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage-in years with normal precipitation, the zone of water saturation is deeper than 203 centimeters; and a dry zone exists from 0 to 61 centimeters in July and from 0 to 91 centimeters in August.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity is rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Major species include sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, paper birch, hemlock, and quaking aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Province-Superior Upland
Land Resource Region-Northern Lake States Forest and Forage Region (LRR K)
MLRAs:
--Superior Lake Plain (92)
--Superior Stony and Rocky Loamy Plains and Hills, Eastern Part (93B)
The series is of small extent; 1976 hectares (4882 acres) are correlated.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Major Land Resource Area 93B-Superior Stony and Rocky Loamy Plains and Hills, Eastern Part; January 2007. Proposed in Ontonagon County, Michigan, 2003. Source of name is the village of Toivola.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons, features, and control sections in the Typical Pedon include:
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 23 centimeters (Oi, and E horizons)
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons:
--Albic - 2 to 23 centimeters (E horizon)
--Spodic - 23 to 81 centimeters (Bhs and Bs horizons)
--Ortstein - the Bhs horizon is more than 50% weakly cemented
Lamellae - 140 to 203 centimeters (Bt part of E and Bt horizon)
Control sections:
--Soil moisture 30 to 90 centimeters
--Particle-size class 25 to 100 centimeters
--Mineralogy class 25 to 100 centimeters
--Soil temperature 50 centimeters
--Series 0 to 150 centimeters
The Typical Pedon meets spodic criteria based on color and amount of ortstein.
Taxonomy Version Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Tenth Edition, 2006 (http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/tax_keys/; verified August 22, 2008).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to User Pedon ID S01MI-131-005 at National Soil Survey Laboratory (http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/querypage.asp; verified August 22, 2008) for Primary Characterization Data, Supplementary Characterization Data, Taxonomy Data, NASIS Pedon Description, and a Correlation Report for the Typical Pedon. This pedon was sampled as Garlic Series, but because the Garlic series concept could not accommodate lamellae, Toivola series was established.