LOCATION TORONTO IN+IL

Established Series
Rev. WDH-TJE
11/2021

TORONTO SERIES

The Toronto series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loess or other silty material and in the underlying loamy till on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udollic Epiaqualfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Toronto silt loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 223 meters (730 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches) thick]

Eg--23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]

Btl--30 to 41 cm (12 to 16 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many prominent dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; many medium faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2--41 to 64 cm (16 to 25 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3--64 to 81 cm (25 to 32 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few fine roots; common distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 84 cm (15 to 33 inches).]

2BCt--81 to 135 cm (32 to 53 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on faces of peds; many medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions in the matrix; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [(5 to 25 inches) thick]

2C--135 to 152 cm (53 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; massive; firm; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: White County, Indiana; 420 feet east and 1770 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 25 N., R. 6 W.;USGS Round Grove topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 36 minutes 48.3 seconds N. and long. 87 degrees 3 minutes 21.9 seconds W. (495255e and 4495925n UTM), NAD-83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of soil development: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to horizons with more than 15 percent sand: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 27 to 35 percent clay

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

Eg, EB, or BE horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: strongly acid or moderately acid

Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: dominantly silty clay loam, but is silt loam in the upper part of some pedons
Clay content: 24 to 38 percent in individual subhorizons
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and ranges to neutral in the lower part

2BCt, 2BCtg, 2Bt, or 2Btg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: loam or clay loam
Sand content: 25 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part and ranges to moderately alkaline in the lower part

2C or 2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or silt loam
Clay content: 20 to 27 percent
Sand content: 25 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline and contains carbonates

COMPETING SERIES: This is the Herbert series. Herbert soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of soil development.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toronto soils are on till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Toronto soils formed in 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches) of loess or other silty material and in the underlying loamy till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1143 mm (29 to 45 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.8 to 13.9 degrees C (46 to 57 degrees F). Frost-free period is 160 to 200 days. Elevation is 104 to 396 meters (340 to 1,300 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chalmers, Drummer, Fincastle, Millbrook, Raub and Wingate soils. The poorly drained Chalmers and Drummer soils are in depressions. The moderately well drained Wingate soils are on higher lying rises. Fincastle soils have lighter colored surface layers and are on similar landscape positions. Millbrook soils are on similar landscape positions but have the lower part of the sola formed in outwash. Raub soils are on similar landscape positions but have mollic epipedons.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2.0 feet) during the fall and spring in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately slow in the underlying material.

USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all areas are cropped to corn and soybeans. Wheat is the principal small grain. Native vegetation is mixed forest and prairie grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 108A, 110, 111C, and 111D in west central Indiana and eastern Illinois. The series is of moderate extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Vermillion County, Indiana, 1930.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap, Eg).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 30 cm (9 to 12 inches) (Eg).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 81 cm (12 to 32 inches) (Bt).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons below the Ap horizon.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.