LOCATION TRADE RIVER WITentative Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, frigid Oxyaquic Glossudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Folsom loam; on a convex knoll with a south southwest facing 18 percent slope in an area of mixed northern hardwoods and conifers at an elevation of about 245 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
A--0 to 13 centimeters; black (7.5YR 2.5/1) sandy loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse and very coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4, Hellige-Truog); clear wavy boundary. (5 to 25 centimeters thick)
Bw1--13 to 25 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse and very coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.4, Hellige-Truog); clear wavy boundary.
Bw2--25 to 36 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; common (1 percent) medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; 10 percent gravel and 3 percent cobble; slightly acid (pH 6.3, Hellige-Truog); abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 46 centimeters thick)
E/B--36 to 46 centimeters; 85 percent brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy loam (E); moderate medium platy structure; firm; surrounds remnants of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam (Bt); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine, fine, medium and coarse roots; common (5 percent) medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron; common (30 percent) continuous distinct dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on all faces of Bt peds; 10 percent gravel and 3 percent cobble; moderately acid (pH 5.7, Hellige-Truog); abrupt wavy boundary.
2B/E--46 to 71 centimeters; 80 percent reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay (Bt); strong very fine angular blocky structure; firm; penetrated by tongues of reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam (E), light reddish brown (2.5YR 7/3) dry; weak thin platy structure; firm; common very fine, fine, medium roots and few coarse roots; common (30 percent) continuous distinct dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay films on all faces of Bt peds; few (1 percent) fine distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid (pH 5.3, Hellige-Truog); abrupt wavy boundary. (Glossic horizon 10 to 51 centimeters thick)
2Bt--71 to 94 centimeters; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong very fine angular blocky; firm; common very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; many (60 percent) continuous distinct dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay films on all faces of peds; strongly acid (pH 5.5, Hellige-Truog); abrupt wavy boundary. (10 to 51 centimeters thick)
3C1--94 to 132 centimeters; stratified 40 percent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) silty clay, 40 percent reddish brown (2.5YR 4/3) silty loam, 10 percent brown (7.5YR 4/3) silt, and 10 percent reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; massive parting to strong medium depositional plates; firm; few (20 percent) continuous distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) pressure faces on all faces of peds; neutral (pH 7.0, Hellige-Truog); abrupt wavy boundary.
3C2--132 to 152 centimeters; stratified 70 percent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay, 20 percent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) silt loam, and 10 percent dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) silt; massive parting to strong medium depositional plates; firm; few medium roots; few (20 percent) continuous distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) pressure faces on all faces of peds; strongly effervescent(HCl, 1 normal)in silt loam layers; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2, Hellige-Truog); clear wavy boundary.
3C3--152 to 203 centimeters; stratified 70 percent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay, 20 percent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) silt loam, and 10 percent dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) silt; massive parting to strong medium depositional plates; firm; few medium roots; few (20 percent) continuous distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) pressure faces on all faces of peds; few fine faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) threads of carbonates in the matrix, strongly effervescent(HCl, 1 normal)in silt loam layers; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2, Hellige-Truog).
TYPE LOCATION: Polk County, Wisconsin; about 6 miles west northwest of Cushing; 550 meters east and 350 meters south of the northwest corner of section 19, T. 36 N., R. 19 W.; USGS Sunrise topographical quadrangle; lat. 45 degrees 35 minutes 48 seconds N. and long. 92 degrees 46 minutes 5.4 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the loamy glacial aged alluvium mantle--10 to 51 centimeters
Depth to the argillic horizon--10 to 51 centimeters
Thickness of the argillic horizon--20 to 96 centimeters
Depth to stratification--51 to 102 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--typically 51 to 102 centimeters but may range to 152 centimeters in some pedons
Clay content of the particle-size control section--averages between 40 to 60 percent, but individual horizons range between 35 to 65 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section--less than 45 percent
Volume of gravel--5 to 30 percent in the loamy glacial aged alluvium mantle; 0 to 5 percent in the argillic horizon
Volume of cobbles--0 to 5 percent in the loamy glacial aged alluvium mantle
Volume of stones--0 to 1 percent in the loamy glacial aged alluvium mantle
A horizon:
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 2.5 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or their gravelly analogs
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Bw Horizon:
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 4
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogs
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Some pedons have an E horizon
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 3
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogs
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Folsom soils have a glossic horizon (E/B, 2E/B, and 2B/E horizons occur individually or in combination)
E part of the E/B:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 3
Texture: loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or their gravelly analogs
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt part of the E/B:
Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 4
Texture: sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or their gravelly analogs
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
Bt part of the 2E/B and 2B/E:
Hue: 2.5YR or 5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
E part of the 2E/B and 2B/E:
Hue: 2.5YR or 5YR
Value: 4
Chroma: 3
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid
2Bt Horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR or 5YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 4
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Some pedons have a 3BC Horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10R
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: stratified with layers of silt, silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
3C Horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, or 10R
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: stratified with layers of silt, silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline in the upper part and moderately alkaline in the lower part.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Hibbing, Majestic, Portwing, and Sanborg series.
Hibbing, Majestic, and Sanborg soils do not have stratified layers within the series control section.
Portwing soils have stratified loamy and sandy deposits in the lower part of the series control section at a depth of 102 to 152 centimeters.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: loamy glacial aged alluvium over clayey lacustrine underlain by stratified (varved) calcareous silty and clayey lacustrine deposits
Landform: knolls, interfluves, head slopes, and side slopes on dissected glacial lake plains
Geologic formation: Glacial Lake Lind
Slope: 2 to 30 percent
Elevation: 240 to 262 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature: 4 to 7 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation: 710 to 838 millimeters
Frost free days: 110 to 130 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Beede Lake(T) and Centuria (T) soils. The well drained Beede Lake and somewhat poorly drained Centuria soils form a drainage sequence with Trade River soils.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--seasonal saturation perched above the clayey lacustrine deposits at a depth of .25 to .5 meters for 20 or more consecutive days or 30 or more cumulative days at some time during the period September to June in 6 or more out of 10 normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second in the loamy glacial aged alluvium mantle, 0.07 to 1.41 micrometers per second in the argillic, and 0.42 to 14.11 micrometers per second in the underlying stratified layers
USE AND VEGETATION: All areas are used for woodland. Common trees are northern red oak, white oak, American basswood, eastern white pine, hophornbeam, red maple, sugar maple, red pine, and green ash. Common understory species are pointed-leaved tick trefoil, wild lily-of-the-valley, spinulose shield fern, violets, wood anemone, hog peanut, poison ivy, meadow rue, large-leaved aster, and dew berry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Province--Superior Upland
MLRA--Wisconsin and Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91B)
LRR K; Wisconsin
Extent--small
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES PROPOSED: Polk County, Wisconsin; 2008. Source of the name is the Trade river in Burnett and Polk counties.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 46 to 94 centimeters (2B/E and 2Bt horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 152 centimeters (A, Bw1, Bw2, E/B, 2B/E, 2Bt, 3C1, and 3C2 horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to 36 centimeters (A, Bw1, and Bw2 horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 13 to 36 centimeters (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons);
glossic horizon--the zone from a depth of 36 to 71 centimeters (E/B and 2B/E horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 46 to 94 centimeters (2B/E and 2Bt horizons);
aquic conditions:
* Episaturation; 25 to 46 centimeters
* Redoximorphic concentrations: 25 to 46 centimeters
lithologic discontinuity-- at the upper boundary of the 2B/E horizon and at the upper boundary of the 3C1 horizon;
soil moisture control section--the zone from a depth of 10 to 30 centimeters; udic moisture regime;
soil temperature control section--at a depth of 50 centimeters; frigid soil temperature regime.
Carbonates are not visually recognizable in most of the stratified layers and are only evident through application of 1N HCl. The level of effervescence varies with each stratum and the carbonates are assumed to be depositional.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar red clayey soils in the area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil textures were determined through hydrometer analysis in the project office
A Horizon--58.5 percent sand, 25 percent silt, and 16.5 percent clay
Bw1 Horizon--65.5 percent sand, 17.5 percent silt, and 17 percent clay
Bw2 Horizon--70 percent sand, 13 percent silt, and 17 percent clay
E/B Horizon--72 percent sand, 13.5 percent silt, and 14.5 percent clay
2B/E Horizon--33 percent sand, 13.5 percent silt, and 53.5 percent clay
2Bt Horizon--31 percent sand, 4 percent silt, and 65 percent clay
Clay content of the particle-size control section (2B/E and 2Bt) averages 59 percent.