LOCATION WOODMAN                 MI

Established Series
Rev. JKC-GDW
08/2012

WOODMAN SERIES

The Woodman series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey drift and sandy outwash on kame moraines. Slope ranges from 1 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 762 millimeters (30 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 7.8 degrees C (46 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, frigid Oxyaquic Glossudalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Woodman fine sandy loam, on a 2 percent slope on a kame moraine in a hay field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches): very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; about 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 23 cm (4 to 9 inches) thick]

E/B--23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches); about 80 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam (E), light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; surrounded by brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam (Bt); moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; many fine discontinuous tubular pores; common very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains along worm and root channels; about 3 percent fine gravel; moderately acid; clear irregular boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick]

Bt--51 to 94 cm (20 to 37 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; many fine discontinuous tubular pores; many dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron with sharp boundaries along root channels and faces of peds; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron with sharp boundaries along faces of peds; about 3 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [25 to 64 cm (10 to 25 inches) thick]

BC--94 to 114 cm (37 to 45 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; many fine discontinuous tubular pores; about 7 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [8 to 30 cm (3 to 12 inches) thick]

C--114 to 142 cm (45 to 56 inches); light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy clay loam; massive; firm; about 5 percent fine and medium gravel; many white (10YR 8/1) masses of calcium carbonate; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 28 cm (11 inches) thick]

2E and Bt--142 to 203 cm (56 to 80 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry (E); single grain; loose; lamellae of brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand (Bt); weak fine granular structure; very friable; clay bridging between sand grains; about 3 percent fine and medium gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Kalkaska County, Michigan; about 1.5 miles west of Twenty-Eight Lakes; 1600 feet north and 1350 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 30, T. 28 N., R. 8 W., Orange Township; USGS Smithville topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 36 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 12 minutes 07 seconds W.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the 2E and Bt horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to redox concentrations: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 27 to 35 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 1 to 15 percent gravel and 0 to 3 percent cobbles throughout
Mean annual soil temperature: 7.2 to 8.3 degrees C (45 to 47 degrees F)

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: dominantly fine sandy loam but range includes sandy loam or loam
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid

E part of the E/B horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam
Consistence: can have fragipan-like characteristics of being hard and brittle when dry
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

Bt part of the E/B horizon:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

Some pedons have an E horizon.

Bt horizon
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: clay loam or silty clay loam
Base saturation: 60 percent or more
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline

BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam or clay loam
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

C horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline

E part of the 2E and Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sand
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

Bt part of the 2E and Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy sand or sandy loam; individual lamellae range in thickness from 6 mm to 8 cm (1/4 to 3 inches)
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ellwood, Keshena, and Parmalee series. Ellwood, Keshena, and Parmalee soils do not have lamellae within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches).

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Woodman soils are on disintegration moraines and kame moraines. Slope ranges from 1 to 12 percent. These soils formed in clayey drift and sandy outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 686 to 813 mm (27 to 32 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 6.6 to 8.3 degrees C (44 to 47 degrees F). Elevation is 305 to 366 meters (1000 to 1200 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These soils are the moderately well drained Morganlake, sandy substratum soils, the well drained Blue Lake soils, and the somewhat excessively drained Islandlake soils. They occur on similar landform positions.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The depth to the top of a seasonal high water table ranges from 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches) between March and June in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high depending on slope. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low in the clayey material and high in the sandy material.

USE AND VEGETATION: Major use of this soil is cropland. A smaller part is in woodland. Forest vegetation consists chiefly of sugar maple, American beech, black cherry, basswood, and white ash. A few areas are in pasture. Small areas of Christmas tree plantations are also present.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 94A and 96 in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan. This series is of small extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Kalkaska County, Michigan, 1997.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 23 cm (0 to 9 inches) (Ap horizon).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 51 cm (9 to 20 inches) (E/B horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 51 to 94 cm (20 to 37 inches) (Bt horizon).
Lithologic discontinuity: at 142 cm (56 inches) (top of the 2E and Bt horizon).

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.