LOCATION DICKINSON               IA+IL MN NE WI

Established Series
Rev. JDH-KMG-LDC
09/2017

DICKINSON SERIES

The Dickinson series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacial or alluvial deposits that have been reworked by wind. These soils are on interfluves on dissected till plains and on stream terraces in river valleys. Slope ranges from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is about 840 millimeters.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Dickinson fine sandy loam, on a convex slope of 3 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 centimeters; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

A1--23 to 36 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) coats on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

A2--36 to 46 centimeters; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 30 to 49 centimeters.)

Bw1--46 to 61 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2--61 to 76 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 20 to 70 centimeters.)

BC--76 to 91 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; weak coarse prismatic structure; very friable; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 40 centimeters thick)

C--91 to 152 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, Mitchell County, Iowa subset; about 3 miles west and 2 miles north of Stacyville; located about 435 feet north and 180 feet east of the southwest corner of section 23, T. 100 N., R. 17 W.; USGS Stacyville topographic quadrangle; lat. 43.4592414 degrees and long. -92.8298819 degrees, WGS84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of mollic epipedon--30 to 49 centimeters
Depth to loamy sand and sand--50 to 110 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--more than 150 centimeters
Clay content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--7 to 18 percent
Sand content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--60 to 80 percent, sand fraction is less than 50 percent medium sand or coarser

Ap or A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--fine sandy loam, sandy loam or loam
Clay content--7 to 18 percent
Sand content--45 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral (5.6 to 7.3)

Bw horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value-4 or 5
Chroma-3 or 4
Texture--sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam
Clay content--7 to 18 percent
Sand content--45 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid (5.1 to 6.5)

BC horizon:
Hue--10YR or 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture-fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand or sand
Clay content--4 to 10 percent
Sand content--60 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral (5.1 to 7.3)

C horizon:
Hue--10YR or 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--4 to 6
Texture--loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand or sand
Clay content--4 to 10 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral (5.6 to 7.3)

2C horizon (when present, below a depth of 150 centimeters):
Hue--7.5YR to 5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--1 to 4
Texture--loam, clay loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay and clay
Reaction--slightly acid to moderately alkaline (6.1 to 8.4)

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Augusta Lake, Aureola, Bertram, Bolan, Elrick, Etter, Filley, Gardencity, Olin, Ridgeport, Roine, Wadenill, and Zenor series.
Augusta Lake--have a clay content of more than 10 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Aureola--have carbonates within a depth of 100 centimeters
Bertram--have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters
Bolan--have a clay content of 12 to 27 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Elrick--have a sand content that averages more than 50 percent medium sand and coarser sand in the particle-size control section
Etter--have a sand content that averages 15 to 50 percent in the particle-size control section
Filley--have less soil moisture in the soil moisture control section during the 120 days following the summer solstice (see remarks)
Gardencity--have a sand content that averages 15 to 50 percent in the particle-size control section
Olin--have a clay content of 18 to 27 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Ridgeport--have a rock fragment content of 5 to 35 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Roine--have a clay content of 10 to 33 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Wadenill--have carbonates within a depth of 100 centimeters
Zenor--have carbonates within a depth of 100 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 4 to 15 percent in the upper two thirds of the series control section

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--glacial or alluvial sediments reworked by wind
Landform--interfluves on dissected till plains and on stream terraces in river valleys
Slope--0 to 30 percent
Elevation--100 to 520 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--4 to 14 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--485 to 1,195 millimeters

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dinsdale, Franklin, Klinger, and Maxfield soils.
Dinsdale--are on higher landscape positions on ridges, interfluves and side slopes on dissected till plains and have a clay content that averages 27 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Franklin--are on higher landscape positions on interfluves, head slopes and side slopes and have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 0.9 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Klinger--are on higher landscape positions on interfluves, head slopes and side slopes and have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 0.9 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Maxfield--are on lower landscape positions on head slopes and toe slopes and have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--well drained--a frequently saturated zone does not occur within a depth of 1.8 meters during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--10.00 to 100.00 micrometers per second and 10.00 to 705.00 micrometers per second below the solum.
Flooding--very rarely flooded or rarely flooded for brief or very brief duration on stream terrace positions

USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, small grain, and grass-legume meadows. Steeper slopes are pastured. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic Sections--Eastern lake section, Western lake section, Wisconsin driftless section, Till Plains, and Dissected till plains
MLRAs--Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain (95B),
Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104),
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105),
Nebraska and Kansas Loess-Drift Hills (106),
Iowa and Minnesota Loess Hills (107A),
Iowa and Missouri Deep Loess Hills (107B),
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift, Eastern Part (108A),
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift, East-Central Part (108B),
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift, West-Central Part (108C),
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift, Western Part (108D),
Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes, Eastern Part (115A), and
Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes, Northern Part (115C)
LRR M; Iowa, southwestern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, Illinois, and eastern Nebraska
Extent--large

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Dickinson County, Iowa, 1920.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (A1, A2, Bw1, Bw2, BC, and C horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (Ap, A1, A2, Bw1, Bw2, BC, and C horizons).

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 46 centimeters (Ap, A1, and A2 horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 46 to 91 centimeters (Bw1, Bw2, and BC horizons);
udic moisture regime.

Differences in texture in the material with depth are related to depositional sorting of material rather than soil development.

Series differentia between Filley series and Dickinson series needs further study.

A lacustrine substratum phase was correlated in Clay County, Iowa and is of very minor extent. It is on a lake plain.

A firm till substratum phase with a moist bulk density range of 1.65 to 1.75 g/cc is recognized in MLRA 103 on the Coteau Slope (bench) physiographic area

Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.

Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, twelfth edition, 2014.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.