LOCATION EVERLY IA+MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Everly clay loam, on an east-facing slope of 3 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; common very fine and fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
A--20 to 31 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) clay loam, a few small streaks and pockets of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; common fine and very fine roots; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 49 centimeters.)
BA--31 to 41 centimeters; mixed black (10YR 2/1) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay loam; moderate fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and very fine roots; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 15 centimeters thick)
Bw1--41 to 51 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; about 2 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bw2--51 to 66 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; common distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coats on faces of peds; about 3 percent gravel; neutral; clear boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 15 to 40 centimeters.)
2Bk1--66 to 91 centimeters; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few white (10YR 8/1) carbonate nodules in the lower part; few fine distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) redoximorphic depletions in the lower part; about 3 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
2Bk2--91 to 127 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak fine prismatic structure; firm; common white (10YR 8/1) carbonate nodules; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) redoximorphic depletions; about 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bk horizon is 15 to 90 centimeters.)
2BC1--127 to 158 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak and moderate coarse prismatic structure; firm; common white (10YR 8/1) carbonate nodules; common medium faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) redoximorphic depletions; about 5 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.
2BC2--158 to 200 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam; moderate coarse and very coarse prismatic structure; firm; common white (10YR 8/1) calcium carbonate nodules; few medium and fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; about 7 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA)--107AIowa and Minnesota Loess Hills; Clay County, Iowa subset; about 1 1/2 miles south and 1 mile west of Fostoria; located about 880 feet north and 340 feet east of the southwest corner of section 13, T. 97 N., R. 37 W.; USGS Spencer topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 12 minutes 57 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 10 minutes 07 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon--25 to 49 centimeters
Depth to till--25 to 90 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--40 to 90 centimeters
Clay content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--24 to 33 percent
Sand content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 30 percent
Special feature--some pedons have a stone line or thin layer, 2 to 13 centimeters thick of gravelly and sandy materials at the base of the silty or loamy sediments
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content--25 to 35 percent
Sand content--12 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 2 percent, mixed lithology
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
AB or BA (when present) horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content--25 to 35 percent
Sand content--12 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 2 percent, mixed lithology
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
Bw or 2Bw horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content--25 to 35 percent
Sand content--15 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content--1 to 15 percent, mixed lithology
Reaction--slightly acid or neutral
2Bk horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loam or clay loam
Clay content--22 to 33 percent
Sand content--20 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content--1 to 15 percent, mixed lithology
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
2BC or 2C (when present) horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loam or clay loam
Clay content--22 to 32 percent
Sand content--20 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content--1 to 15 percent, mixed lithology
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Moist bulk density--1.6 to 1.8 g/cc
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Arbor,
Aredale,
Bode,
Clarion,
Cresken,
Farrar,
Frontenac,
Garmore,
Germantown,
Kenyon,
Limecreek,
Liscomb,
Moland,
Neeper,
Ocheyedan,
Omsrud,
Ostrander, and
Rossfield series.
Arbor--do not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Aredale--do not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Bode--have a moist bulk density of less than 1.6 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Clarion--have a moist bulk density of less than 1.6 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Cresken--do not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Farrar--have a clay content that averages 18 to 24 percent in the particle-size control section
Frontenac--have a rock fragment content of 35 to 70 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Garmore--do not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Germantown--have a lithic contact with quartzite bedrock within a depth of 100 centimeters
Kenyon--not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Limecreek--have a variable clay content that ranges from 10 to 50 percent and have a variable sand content that ranges from 15 to 70 percent, dominated by fine sand and very fine sand, in the lower third of the series control section
Liscomb--have a sand content that averages 35 to 50 percent in the particle-size control section
Moland--do not have carbonates within a depth of 90 centimeters
Neeper--do not have carbonates within a depth of 150 centimeters
Ocheyedan--have a clay content of 12 to 28 percent in the middle third of the series control section, see remarks
Omsrud--have a sand content that averages 30 to 60 percent in the particle-size control section and have a rock fragment content of 2 to 10 percent in the series control section
Ostrander--do not have carbonates above depths of 90 centimeters
Rossfield--have a rock fragment content of 10 to 40 percent, mostly arenaceous limestone, in the lower half of the series control section
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--25 to 90 centimeters of loamy surficial sediments and the underlying till
Landform--convex slopes on ground moraines and till plains
Slope--0 to 18 percent
Elevation--300 to 610 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--4 to 11 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--485 to 890 millimeters
Frost-free period--140 to 200 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Afton,
Letri, and
Wilmonton soils.
Afton--are on lower landscape positions in upland drainageways and have a frequently saturated zone between the surface of the soil and a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest part of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Letri--are on lower landscape positions on nearly level or slightly concave slopes and have a frequently saturated zone between the surface of the soil and a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest part of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Wilmonton--are on slightly lower landscape positions on slightly concave to slightly convex slopes and have a frequently saturated zone between depths of 0.5 and 1 meter during the wettest part of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs between depths of 1.0 and 1.8 meters during the wettest period of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation, this saturation is considered both perched and apparent based on the season and intensity of rainfall during a given period of time
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.0 to 10.0 micrometers per second
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn and soybeans. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Dissected till plains and Western lake section
MLRAs--Rolling Till Prairie (102A), Loess Uplands (102C), Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103), and Iowa and Minnesota Loess Hills (107A)
LRR M--northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota
Extent--large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, Iowa, l970.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 200 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 41 centimeters (Ap, A and BA horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from 41 to 200 centimeters (Bw1, Bw2, 2Bk1, 2Bk2, 2BC1 and 2BC2 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
The structure in the 2BC was documented as typical in MLRA-107 on field reviews in Minnesota and Iowa. It is the nature of this till to have fracture/structural planes in the lower horizons previously considered an unaltered C horizon. Carbonate coats, iron coats, and redoximorphic features are common on faces of fractures and structural planes. Past descriptions have referred to vertical cleavage planes in the C horizon.
Differentia between Everly series and Ocheyedan series needs further study.
These soils are borderline to Oxyaquic subgroup. To resolve this issue, further study may be needed.
Drainage class is a state interpretation. In some states, the drainage class is called well drained based on the Soil Survey Manual.
Some pedons have vertical seams or wedges of sand or loamy sand about 5 to 15 centimeters wide and about 0.9 to 1.2 meters deep extending downward from the stone line into the till.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data for the type location profile (S59 Iowa 21-8) is available in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 3, Soil Conservation Service, August 1966.