LOCATION POTATOLAKE MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Potatolake very fine sandy loam, on a concave slope of about 1 percent, in a swale on an outwash plain, in a native grass field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated).
Ap--0 to 23 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 25 centimeters thick)
E--23 to 38 centimeters; brown (10YR 5/3) very fine sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak thin platy structure parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; friable; many very fine and fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 30 centimeters thick)
Bt1--38 to 61 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--61 to 76 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few fine distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Fe depletions; slightly acid, gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 15 to 75 centimeters)
2Bk--76 to 127 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) stratified loamy very fine sand, fine sandy loam and silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many light gray (2.5Y 7/2) carbonate coats on ped faces; many medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Fe depletions and common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) Fe concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (0 to 90 centimeters thick)
2C1--127 to 145 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) stratified fine sand, sand, and very fine sand; few light gray (2.5Y 7/2) carbonate coats in strata; slightly effervescent; common medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Fe depletions; single grain; loose; 5 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2C2--145 to 203 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) stratified sand and coarse sand; single grain; loose; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Fe concentrations; 7 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 91A-Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash; Hubbard County, Minnesota subset; about 8 miles north of Park Rapids; located about 2,200 feet south and 1,400 feet east of the northwest corner of section 8, T. 141 N., R. 35 W.; USGS Two Inlets topographic quadrangle; lat. 47 degrees 02 minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 08 minutes 42 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to glacial outwash--50 to 100 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--50 to greater than 150 centimeters
Sand content of the lower third of the series control section--more than 50 percent very fine sand and sand coarser than very fine sand
A horizon:
Hue--10YR or is neutral
Value--2 to 4
Chroma--0 to 3
Texture--very fine sandy loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content--0 to 5 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
Ap horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--2 or 3
E horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--very fine sandy loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content--0 to 5 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue--7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 5
Texture--silty clay loam or silt loam but some pedons may have subhorizons of very fine sandy loam or silty clay
Rock fragment content--0 to 5 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to slightly alkaline
Redoximorphic features--few to common redoximorphic depletions of 2 chroma or less within 25 centimeters of the upper boundary of the Bt horizon
2Bk horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture--stratified with textures of very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, silt loam, loamy very fine sand, very fine sand, fine sand, sand, or the gravelly analogues of these textures
Rock fragment content--5 to 25 percent
Reaction--slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline
2C horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 8
Texture--stratified with textures of sand, coarse sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, and may include thin strata of sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand or very fine sand, or the gravelly analogues of these textures
Rock fragment content--5 to 25 percent
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: This is the
Baudette series.
Baudette--have more that 50 percent very fine sand and finer in the lower third of the series control section
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 100 centimeters of lacustrine sediments over glacial outwash of Late Wisconsinan Age
Landform--nearly level to steep areas on glacial lake plains, moraines, and outwash plains
Slope--1 to 15 percent
Elevation--305 to 518 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--3 to 7 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--500 to 770 millimeters
Frost-free period--90 to 150 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Graycalm,
Menahga,
Spooner,
Steamboat,
Sugarbush, and
Two Inlets soils.
Graycalm, Menahga, and Two Inlets--are at higher landscape positions, do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.8 meters in normal years and formed entirely in glacial outwash
Steamboat and Sugarbush--are at higher landscape positions on knolls, summits, and side slopes and do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.8 meters in normal years
Spooner--are at lower landscape positions in swales and are frequently saturated at the surface of the soil during the wettest periods of normal years
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--a frequently saturated zone is at a depth of 0.6 meter during March to June in normal years and is considered perched, saturation commonly occurs at the sandy outwash contact due to the abrupt textural change
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second in the lacustrine sediments and 42.34 to 705 micrometers per second in the glacial outwash
Surface runoff potential--negligible to medium
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are pastured or forested. Some areas are cultivated. The native vegetation is mixed hardwoods-coniferous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic section--Western lake section
MLRAs--Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57) and Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91A)
LRR K; north central Minnesota
Extent--small
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hubbard County, Minnesota 1998.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 38 to 76 centimeters (2Bt1, Bt1 and Bt2 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (Ap, E, Bt1, Bt2, 2Bk, 2C1 and 2C2 horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 38 centimeters (A and E horizons);
albic horizon--the zone from a depth of 23 to 38 centimeters (E horizon);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 38 to 76 centimeters (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons);
aquic subgroup--redoximorphic depletions in the upper part of the argillic horizon.
Cation-exchange activity class is supported by data from NSSL.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, ninth edition, 2003.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--National Soil Survey Laboratory (NSSL), Lincoln, Nebraska--pedon ID number 94MN057100 (http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/) for data on a representative pedon.