LOCATION BADUS SDEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Badus silty clay loam - on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field. When described the soil was moist throughout. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly
sticky; few to common fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Ak--7 to 14 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak coarse and medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky; common fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizons is 12 to 24 inches.)
Bkz1--14 to 25 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak very coarse and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, sticky; many fine accumulations of gypsum and other salts; common fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Bkz2--25 to 34 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak very coarse and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, sticky; many fine accumulations of gypsum and other salts; few fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bk horizons is 16 to 25 inches.)
BCg--35 to 50 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) and olive gray (5Y 5/2) silty clay loam, light gray (5Y 6/1) and light olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak very coarse and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; hard, friable, sticky; few fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (10 to 20 inches thick)
Cg--50 to 60 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) silty clay loam, gray (5Y 6/1) dry; many fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; hard, friable, sticky; common fine and medium dark concretions (Fe and Mn oxides); few to common fine accumulations of carbonate; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Lake County, South Dakota; about 1 mile east of Wentworth; 350 feet south and 240 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 16, T. 106 N., R. 51 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 24 to more than 38 inches. The series control section averages between 27 and 35 percent clay and 15 percent or less sand that is fine sand or coarser. Reaction is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout. Typically, the amount of carbonate in the pedon decreases with increasing depth. Most pedons have accumulations of gypsum and other salts in the Bkz and BCg. Some pedons have accumulations of gypsum and other salts in the upper part of the C horizon.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3 and 3 or 4 dry. It commonly is silty clay loam, but is silt loam in some pedons.
The Bk horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 2 to 4 and 4 to 6 dry. Depth to gleying is variable, with gleying in the lower part of the Bk horizon common.
The BC horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 5 and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 or less. It typically is silty clay loam, but is clay loam or silty clay in some pedons.
The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 or 6 and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 2 or less. It typically is silty clay loam, but is silty clay or clay loam in some pedons. Mottles increase with increasing depth. Some pedons are underlain by clay loam glacial till below a depth of 40 inches.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Calco, Lamo, Salmo, and Wingville series. Similar soils are the Borup, Canisteo, Colvin, Harpster, Oldham, Rauville, Vallers, Whitewood, and Worthing series. Calco, Devilsgait, and Lamo soils do not have horizons of gypsum and other salt accumulations. Salmo soils contain more salts throughout. Wingville soils have a drier soil moisture control section for longer periods. Borup, Colvin, Harpster, and Vallers soils have calcic horizons within depths of 16 inches. In addition, Borup, Colvin, and Vallers soils are frigid. Canisteo soils have a mollic epipedon that is less than 24 inches thick and are fine-loamy. Oldham and Rauville soils are frigid. In addition, Oldham soils have a fine textured control section. Whitewood soils do not have accumulations of carbonate. Worthing soils have a fine textured control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Badus soils are in swales, drainageways, and depressions on nearly level uplands. Slopes are concave with gradients of 0 to 2 percent. They formed in calcareous silty local alluvium overlying glacial till. Mean annual temperature is 43 to 48 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is 20 to 26 inches. Growing season is about 135 to 155 days; average growing season precipitation ranges from 17 to 20 inches; and growing degree days are about 2700 to 3500.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Worthing soils and the similar Egan, Viborg, and Wentworth soils. Worthing soils are in wetter basins. The well drained Egan and Wentworth soils have mollic epipedons less than 20 inches thick and are on nearly level to gently sloping adjacent uplands. The moderately well drained Viborg soils do not have free carbonates above depths of 20 to 40 inches and are in slightly higher upland swales.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly and poorly drained. Runoff is slow. Permeability is moderately slow. Capillary rise of water from adjacent areas concentrates lime, gypsum, and other salts in the pedon. A water table is at depths between 0 and 2 feet.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cultivated areas are used for growing small grain, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central South Dakota. Series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake County, South Dakota, 1967.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 34 inches (Ap, Ak, Bkz1, Bkz2 horizons).