LOCATION KAUFMAN                 TX+AL AR OK

Established Series
Rev. GLL-RM-RMR-HLH
07/2021

KAUFMAN SERIES

The Kaufman series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey alluvium derived from mudstone. These nearly level soils occur on flood plains on river valleys and dissected plains. Slopes are typically less than 1 percent, but range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1193.8 mm (47 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 17.2 degrees C (63 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Very-fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Hapluderts

TYPICAL PEDON: Kaufman clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded in cropland at an elevation of 106.2 m (348.4 ft). (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 in); black (10YR 2/1) clay; weak and moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; many fine roots; common very fine pores; few wormcasts; few pressure faces; slightly acid; diffuse smooth boundary.

A--15 to 48 cm (6 to 19 in); black (10YR 2/1) clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common fine roots and very fine pores; few pressure faces; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of A horizons is 20 to 76 cm [8 to 30 in] thick)

Bss1--48 to 89 cm (19 to 35 in); black (10YR2/1) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots and very fine pores; few fine distinct brown (10YR 4/3) redox concentrations or masses with sharp boundaries; common grooved slickensides; few iron-manganese concretions 2 to 4 mm in diameter; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

Bss2--89 to 127 cm (35 to 50 in); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots mostly confined to surfaces of slickensides; few very fine pores; common fine distinct olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) and few fine distinct brown (10YR 4/3) redox concentrations or masses with sharp boundaries; many grooved slickensides; few iron-manganese concretions 2 to 4 mm in diameter; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

Bss3--127 to 175 cm (50 to 69 in); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots mostly on faces of slickensides; few very fine pores; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redox concentrations or masses with sharp boundaries; many grooved slickensides tilted at a 45 to 60 degree angle; few iron-manganese concretions 1 to 4 mm in diameter; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.

Bss4--175 to 213 cm (69 to 84 in); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; many grooved slickensides tilted 25 to 45 degrees; few iron-manganese concretions 1 to 3 mm in diameter; slightly alkaline. (Combined thickness of Bss and Bkss horizons is 127 to 185 cm [50 to 72 in])

TYPE LOCATION: Delta County, Texas; From the intersection of State Highway 154 and Farm To Market Road 1528 in downtown Cooper, Texas, approximately 4.9 miles east on State Highway 154 to its intersection with State Highway 19, 3.1 miles east and south on Highways 154 and 19 to the intersection of Farm Road 1536, 7.47 miles east and south on Farm Road 1536 to its intersection with Farm Road 71, 4.92 miles northeast on Farm Road 71 to its intersection with Farm Road 69, 2.6 miles North on Farm Road 69 and continuing on a county road to a bridge on the South Sulphur River, approximately 0.65 mile north on private road and 50 ft west of the road in cropland.


USGS topographic quadrangle: Minter, TX;
Latitude: 33 degrees, 22 minutes, 43.62 seconds N;
Longitude: 95 degrees 24 minutes, 13.29 seconds W

Decimal Degrees
Latitude: 33.3787843
Longitude: -95.4036914
Datum: WGS84

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil Moisture: Typic Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is not dry in any part for as long as 90 days in normal years.
Soil Depth: very deep, greater than 203 cm (greater than 80 in)
Depth to alluvium: 2.1 to 10.7 m (7 to 35 ft)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 102 to greater than 203 cm (40 to greater than 80 in)
Depth to cambic horizon: 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 in)
Depth to redox concentrations: 15 to 135 cm (6 to 53 in)
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 in)
Vertic features: 13 to 61 cm (5 to 24 in).Grooved slickensides begin at a depth of 20 to 76 cm (8 to 30 in).
Other features: Undisturbed areas have subdued gilgai microrelief, with microknolls 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) higher than microdepressions. When dry cracks more than 1.5 cm (1/2 in) wide extend to a depth of 51 cm (20 in) or more for less than 90 cumulative days during most years.

Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 60 to 72 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 4 percent

A Horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or less
Texture: Clay or Silty Clay
Pressure faces: amount-none to common; distinctness- faint to distinct
Redox concentrations: amount-0 to 1 percent, size-fine, contrast-distinct, boundary-sharp or clear, location-in the matrix
Rock fragments: amount-0 to 2; size-fine; kind-quartzite
Effervescence: None
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline

Bss Horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 2 to 5
Chroma: 1 or less; In the lower part some pedons have chroma of 2 dominant in the matrix below a depth of 102 cm (40 in).
Mottles: 0 to 40 percent, black, very dark gray, dark gray, gray, dark olive gray, very dark grayish brown, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, brown, olive brown, light olive brown, olive, pale olive, olive yellow (dry or moist)
Texture: Clay
Slickensides/Pressure faces: amount-few to many; distinctness-distinct to prominent
Redox concentrations: amount-0 to 20 percent, size-very fine to fine, contrast-distinct, boundary-sharp, location-in the matrix.
Iron-manganese concentrations: amount-0 to 1 percent; size-fine; kind-iron-manganese concretions
Rock fragments: amount-0 to 4; size-fine; kind-quartzite
Identifiable secondary carbonate: amount-none to few, size-fine, kind-calcium carbonate concretions, location-throughout
Effervescence: Some pedons are effervescent below a depth of 61 cm (24 in).
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline

Bkss Horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value: 2 to 5
Chroma: 1 or less; In the lower part some pedons have chroma of 2 dominant in the matrix below a depth of 102 cm (40 in).
Mottles: 0 to 40 percent, black, very dark gray, dark gray, gray, dark olive gray, very dark grayish brown, dark grayish brown, grayish brown, brown, olive brown, light olive brown, olive, pale olive, olive yellow (dry or moist)
Texture: Clay
Slickensides/Pressure faces: amount-few to many; distinctness-distinct to prominent
Redox concentrations: amount-0 to 20 percent, size-very fine to fine, contrast-distinct, boundary-sharp, location-in the matrix.
Iron-manganese concentrations: amount-0 to 1 percent; size-fine; kind-iron-manganese concretions
Rock fragments: amount-0 to 4; size-fine; kind-quartzite
Identifiable secondary carbonate: amount-few, size-fine to medium, kind-calcium carbonate concretions and masses, location-throughout
Effervescence: Some pedons are effervescent below a depth of 61 cm (24 in).
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Billyhaw, Trinity, and Wiergate series in the same family. Similar are Eastham, Ganado, Tinn, Kaman and Zilaboy series.
Billyhaw soils: have chroma of 2 throughout and are poorly drained.
Trinity soils: are calcareous throughout and are on flood plains.
Wiergate soils: are well drained and formed in weakly consolidated calcareous clays and marls in uplands.
Eastham, Ganado, Kaman, Tinn, and Zilaboy soils: have a fine textured control section.
Eastham soils: are on terraces and typically do not flood.
Ganado soils: are hyperthermic.
Kaman and Zilaboy soils: are moist in the moisture control section for longer periods.
Tinn soils: are calcareous throughout and a fine particle-size class.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: clayey alluvium derived from mudstone
Landscape: River Valleys and dissected plains
Landform: Floodplains
Slope: mainly less than 1 percent; some are as much as 2 percent
Mean annual precipitation: 889 to 1270 mm (35 to 50 in)
Thornthwaite P-E Index: exceeds 50
Mean annual air temperature: 16.4 to 21.1 degrees C (61.5 to 70 degrees F). Climate is warm-humid to moist subhumid
Frost-free period: 218 to 280 days
Elevation: 30.5 to 201 m (100 to 659.5 ft)

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Trinity series and the Burleson, Crockett, Deport, Garner, Gladewater, Gowen, Heiden, Houston Black, Leson, and Wilson series.
Trinity soils: are on nearly level, wide flood plains of major rivers and streams
Burleson soils: have fine textured control sections and are on treads of stream terraces
Crockett soils: have fine textured control sections and are on adjacent ridges on inland dissected coastal plains
Deport soils: have fine textured control sections, and are on adjacent ridges on dissected plains, and are formed from cretaceous residuum derived from shale and mudstone
Garner soils: have fine textured control sections, have a seasonal water table, and occur on adjacent stream terraces
Heiden, Houston Black, and Leson soils: occur on adjacent ridges and plains on dissected plains and have fine textured control sections
Wilson soils: have fine textured control sections, have an argillic horizon, have a seasonal water table and occur on stream terraces on dissected plains
Gowen soils: have chroma of 2 or more in layers below the A horizon and are in a fine-loamy family
Gladewater soils: are aquerts and occur in lower concave positions that pond water for longer durations

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Permeability is very slow. Runoff is medium. Water enters the soil rapidly when it is dry and cracked and very slowly when it is wet. Occasionally to frequently flooded for brief to long durations per year.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most cleared areas are in pasture of dallisgrass, bermudagrass, and fescues. A few areas are used for producing cotton, corn, sorghums, and soybeans. Native vegetation is hardwoods such as elm, hackberry, oak, ash, and grasses which includes species of andropogon, paspalum, panicum, and tripsacum.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Flood plains of streams draining Blackland Prairies from Texas to Alabama. The series is extensive.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: TEMPLE, TEXAS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hunt County, Texas; 1934.

REMARKS:

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle size control section: 25 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in) (A, Bss1, and Bss2 horizons)

Ochric epipedon: 0 to 48 cm (0 to 19 in) (Ap and A horizons)
Cambic horizon: 48 to 213 cm (19 to 84 in) (Bss1, Bss2, Bss3, and Bss4 horizons)
Redoximorphic concentrations: 48 to 175 cm (19 to 69 in) (Bss1, Bss2, and Bss3 horizons)
Iron-manganese concretions: 48 to 213 cm (19 to 84 in) (Bss1, Bss2, Bss3, and Bss4 horizons)
Vertic features: The presence of slickensides at 48 to 213 cm (19 to 84 in) (Bss1, Bss2, Bss3, and Bss4 horizons)
Other features: When dry there are deep wide cracks. The cracks are present for less than 90 cumulative days in most years.

Additional Comments: Series classification changed 2/94 based on new classification for Vertisols

ADDITIONAL DATA: Engineering Index Test Data from Camp, Franklin, Morris, and Titus Counties, Texas Taxonomic Unit Description S78TX-343-002 prepared by the Texas Highway Department. Engineering Test data prepared by the Texas Highway Department from the type location in Lamar and Delta Counties, Texas P1979TX1199501.

Soil Interpretation record numbers: TX0441; TX1125 Frequently flooded; TX1188 Commonly flooded.

Taxonomic Version: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Twelfth Edition, 2014.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.