LOCATION MAKALAPA HIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic Typic Haplotorrerts
TYPICAL PEDON: Makalapa clay - pasture. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are "apparent field textures.")
Ap1--0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; strong very fine and fine granular structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; many fine and very fine roots; few fine fragments of coral; strong effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; slight effervescence with hydrochloric acid; slightly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth boundary. (1 to 3 inches thick)
Ap2--2 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry and moist clay; moderate fine and very fine granular structure and moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; many fine roots; common fine and very fine interstitial and tubular pores; few fine fragments of coral; strong effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; slight effervescence with hydrochloric acid; slightly alkaline (pH 7.7); abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)
AC--8 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry and moist clay; 4 by 18 inches parallelepiped structural units part to weak medium subangular blocky structure; common to many slickensides; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; many fine and medium roots; few to common fine and very fine tubular and interstitial pores; common fine sand grains; few angular fragments of rock; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; slight effervescence with hydrochloric acid; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8); gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 14 inches thick)
Ckss1--20 to 30 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry and moist clay; parallelepiped structural units 1 to 2 inches thick and 2 to 8 inches long; many distinct slickensides; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic, common fine roots, mainly matted on faces of peds, few within peds; few very fine tubular pores; few tuff fragments; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; strong effervescence with hydrochloric acid; moderately alkaline (pH 7.9); clear wavy boundary. (8 to 12 inches thick)
Ckss2--30 to 38 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry and moist silty clay; moderate fine and medium blocky and subangular blocky structure; common distinct slickensides; slightly hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; many very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry pebble-size tuff fragments; slight effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; strong effervescence with hydrochloric acid; moderately alkaline (pH 7.9); clear smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)
Ck--38 inches; highly decomposed light gray (10YR 7/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) volcanic tuff; strong effervescence with hydrochloric acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Honolulu County, Hawaii; from the intersection of Puuloa Road and Kamehameha Highway, west 4,000 feet to Salt Lake Boulevard, thence north 3,400 feet to the Aliamanu School, thence to the church, which is north of Salt Lake Boulevard; 100 feet east of church; Puuloa Quadrangle; lat. 21 degrees 21 minutes 52 seconds N. and long. 157 degrees 55 minutes 01 second W. (Old Hawaiian Datum.)
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the soil over volcanic tuff ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The amount of pebble-size fragments of tuff on the surface and in the soil ranges from 5 to 20 percent. Cracks 2 inches or more wide and 20 to 30 inches deep occur in the soil when it is dry. Mean annual soil temperature is about 74 degrees F. Hue of the soil is 10YR or 7.5YR, and chroma is 2 through 4 when moist. The upper part of the C horizon is clay or silty clay.
COMPETING SERIES: (This needs updating.) These are the Lualualei series in the same family and the Kaena, Kapuhikani, Kokokahi, Nonopahu, and Papaa series. Kaena soils have chroma of 1 in the upper 12 inches and have mottles throughout. Kapuhikani soils formed in olivine basalt, and have a torric moisture regime. Kokokahi soils have 2.5Y or yellower hue below the A horizon and are noncalcareous. Lualualei soils have horizons of gypsum accumulation at depths of less than 40 inches. Nonopahu soils have kaolinitic mineralogy and are more than 40 inches deep. Papaa soils are noncalcareous throughout and are more than 40 inches deep.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Makalapa soils are on or near Salt Lake Crater, Diamond Head and on the Mokapu Peninsula near Ulupau Head at elevations of 20 to 200 feet. Slopes are from 2 to 20 percent. The soils formed in volcanic tuff. The annual rainfall is 20 to 35 inches, and there is a long dry period during summer. Mean annual temperature is about 74 degrees F., average January temperature is 71 degrees F., and average July temperature is 78 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Mamala soils and the competing Kokokahi soils. Mamala soils have silty clay loam control sections and they are less than 20 inches deep over hard coral.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; slow to medium runoff; slow permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are in urban development, military reservations and pasture. Natural vegetation is kiawe (Prosopis pallida), koa-haole (Leucaena glauca), lantana (Lantana camara), dwarf koa (Acacia koaia), fingergrasses (Chloris spp.), and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The extent is about 2,900 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Soil Survey, Territory of Hawaii, 1949.
REMARKS:
FCC Classification: Cbd+kv.
Edit Log: 5/04 SN. Horizon designations updated.
8/00 SN. Classification changed from Very-fine, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Chromusterts due to changes in Taxonomy.