LOCATION NIWANA TX+LA

Established Series
JKW-RM
07/2014

NIWANA SERIES

The Niwana series consists of very deep, well drained soils. These nearly level to very gently sloping soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils occupy mounds 50 to 200 feet in diameter and are 1/2 to 1 meter (1 to 3 ft) above the intermound landscape. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1295 mm (51 in).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults

TYPICAL PEDON: Niwana very fine sandy loam, on mound- in an area of Kirbyville-Niwnana complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes,- forest. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

A--0 to 16 cm, (0 to 6 in); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2), dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; soft, very friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and many fine roots; many medium vesicular and many fine vesicular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 18 cm [3 to 7 in] thick)

E--16 to 35 cm, (6 to 14 in); pale brown (10YR 6/3), very fine sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; many medium vesicular and many fine tubular pores; 1 percent fine brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (15 to 45 cm [6 to 18 in] thick)

Bt/E1--35 to 55 cm, (14 to 22 in); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and 25 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), very fine sandy loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and 25 percent very pale brown (10YR 7/4), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; many very fine tubular and many fine tubular pores; 10 percent faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium ironstone nodules and 3 percent fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron lining pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (combined thickness of the Bt/E horizons is 25 to 66 cm [10 to 26 in])

Bt/E2--55 to 89 cm, (22 to 35 in); reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and25 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), very fine sandy loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)and 25 percent very pale brown (10YR 7/4), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; common very fine tubular and common fine tubular pores; 25 percent prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium ironstone nodules; 3 percent fine and medium yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btc/E1--89 to 133 cm, (35 to 52 in); strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and 20 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)and 20 percent very pale brown (10YR 7/4), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; common very fine tubular and common fine tubular pores; 20 percent prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 5 percent medium ironstone nodules; 2 percent fine and medium yellowish red (5YR 5/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.(combined thickness of the Btc/E horizons is 99 to 132 cm [39 to 52 in])

Btc/E2--133 to 162 cm, (52 to 64 in); brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and 20 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), loam, yellow (10YR 7/8)and 20 percent very pale brown (10YR 7/4), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; common very fine tubular and common fine vesicular pores; 20 percent prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium red (2.5YR 4/8), moist, plinthite nodules; 6 percent medium ironstone nodules; 2 percent fine and medium yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; 2 percent fine and medium light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), moist, iron depletions on vertical faces of peds; 3 percent fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btc/E3--162 to 203 cm, (64 to 80 in); brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)and 15 percent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), loam, yellow (10YR 7/8)and 15 percent very pale brown (10YR 7/4), dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; many very fine roots and common coarse roots and common medium roots and common fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 25 percent prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 2 percent medium red (2.5YR 4/8), moist, plinthite nodules; 5 percent medium ironstone nodules; 2 percent fine and medium yellowish red (5YR 5/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron in matrix; 3 percent fine and medium light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), moist, iron depletions on vertical faces of peds and and 5 percent fine and medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, masses of oxidized iron in matrix; very strongly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Tyler County, TX; from the intersection of Texas Highway 92 and Farm Road 2937 in Hardin County, about 1 mile north on Texas Highway 92 to county road; 1.5 miles west on county road to forest road; 0.25 mile north on forest road; 50 feet west on mound. (Fred USGS topographic quadrangle; Latitude: 30 degrees, 32 minutes, 9.3 seconds N; Longitude: 94 degrees, 12 minutes, 40.7 seconds W. WGS84)

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 8 to 15 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.3 to 0.4

A Horizon
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid

E Horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam.
Redox concentrations: amount-0 to 2 percent, shades-brown
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid

Bt/E Horizon
(Bt part)
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 6 to 8
(E part which makes up 15 to 25 percent of the horizon)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 6 or 7
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
Clay content: 8 to 18 percent
Redox concentrations: amount-2 to 8 percent, shades-brown, yellow, or red
Redox depletions: amount-0 to 2 percent, shades-gray
Ironstone nodules amount-1 to 5 percent,
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid.

Btc/E Horizon
(Bt part)
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 6 to 8
(E part which makes up 15 to 20 percent of the horizon)
Hue: 10YR
Value: 6 or 7
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Redox concentrations: amount-2 to 20 percent, shades-brown, yellow, or red
Redox depletions: amount-0 to 5 percent, shades-gray
Ironstone nodules amount-0 to 6 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Benndale (MS) and Butters (NC)series. Similar soils are the Belrose (TX), Dallardsville (TX), Heidel (MS), and McLaurin (MS) series.
Benndale and Butters soils: Do not have a glossic horizon.
Belrose and Dallardsville soils: are moderately well drained
Heidel and McLaurin soils: have an argillic horizon with hue redder than 7.5YR

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid-Pleistocene age.
Landscape: Coastal plain
Landform: interfluves
Microfeature: oblong mounds
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Mean annual air temperature range: 19.5 to 20.6 degrees C (67 to 69 degrees F).
Mean annual precipitation range: 1219 to 1524 mm (48 to 60 in)
Precipitation Pattern: Rainfall is generally uniform throughout the year with slight peaks in the spring and fall.
Frost-free period: 240 to 300 days
Elevation: 22.9 to 61 m (75 to 200 ft)
Thornthwaite annual P-E indices: 68 to 80

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These include the Dallardsville (TX), Jasco (TX), Kirbyville (TX), Kountze (TX), Otanya (TX), Sorter (TX), and Waller (TX) series.
Dallardsville soils:are wetter; on mounds .
Jasco soils: have a fragipan; in depressions
Kirbyville soils: have a fine-loamy particle-size control section; on an interfluve landform in complex with the Niwana soils
Kountze soils: are wetter; on an interfluve landform

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: well drained. Runoff is negligible on 0 to 1 percent slopes and very low on 1 to 3 percent slopes. Permeability is moderate.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for timber with some areas used as improved pasture. Native vegetation is loblolly and shortleaf pine with mixed hardwoods. The understory is dogwood, yaupon, wax myrtle, pinehill bluestem and other grasses. Improved pastures are mainly bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas and Southwest Louisiana; Land Resource Region T; MLRA 152B (Wesern Gulf Coast Flatwoods; the series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Temple, Texas.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Jasper County, Texas; 1980.

REMARKS: This soil was formerly included with Elysian and Besner series. The drainage class was changed from moderately well drained to well drained due to soil moisture monitoring on the map unit type location in Hardin County, Texas. The series type location was moved to Tyler County, Texas due to the availability of characterization data.

Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon are:

Ochric epipedon: 0 to 35 cm (0 to 14 in) (A and E horizon)

Glossic horizon:35 to 203 (14 to 80 in (Btc/E and Btc/E horizons)

Argillic horizon:35 to 203 (14 to 80 in (Btc/E and Btcv/E horizons

ADDITIONAL DATA: TAMU SCL data from type location in Tyler County, Texas on pedon S06TX457-002.

Taxonomic Version: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Eleventh Edition, 2010

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.