LOCATION PAQUIN MIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, frigid, shallow, ortstein Typic Durorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Paquin sand - on a 1 percent slope in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)
Oe--0 to 2 inches; partially decomposed hardwood leaf litter; strongly acid. (1 to 3 inches thick)
E--2 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) sand, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (2 to 10 inches thick)
Bhs--12 to 14 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) sand; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (1 to 3 inches thick)
Bhsm--14 to 17 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) sand; massive; very hard; ortstein occupies 100 percent of the horizon and is strongly cemented; ortstein occurs as a continuous layer with tongues that extend to a depth of 22 inches; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (0 to 5 inches thick)
Bsm--17 to 27 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sand; massive; very hard; ortstein occupies 100 percent of the horizon and is strongly cemented; ortstein occurs as a continuous layer with tongues that extend to depths of 31 inches; strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
BC--27 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sand; single grain; loose; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron accumulations in the lower 2 inches; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
C--34 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; single grain; loose; common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations throughout; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Mackinac County, Michigan; about 4.5 miles north of Rexton; 900 feet south and 75 feet east of the northwest corner of Sec. 7, T. 44 N., R. 7 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: (Unless otherwise stated the depth ranges in this paragraph are measured from the mineral surface.) The solum is 26 to 42 inches thick. Depth to the ortstein ranges from 10 to 16 inches, and the ortstein thickness ranges from 10 to 15 inches. Depth to redoximorphic features ranges from 30 to 40 inches. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout the pedon.
Some pedons have an A horizon that has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or is neutral, value of 2 to 4, and a chroma of 0 to 2.
The E horizon has a hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2. Texture of the A and E horizons is sand or fine sand. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.
The Bhs and Bhsm horizons have hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture of the Bhsm and Bhs horizons is sand or fine sand. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid.
The Bsm horizon has hue of 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture of the Bsm is sand or fine sand. Reaction of the Bsm horizon is extremely acid to moderately acid.
The BC horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is sand or fine sand. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4. It is sand or fine sand. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Borgstrom and Wallace series. The closely related Pullup and Voelker soils will compete when their family is changed to shallow, ortstein. The Pullup, Voelker and Wallace soils have representative wet soil moisture status below 80 inches. The Borgstrom soils have stratified textures in the substratum with more than 15 percent combined content of silt and clay.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Paquin soils formed in glaciofluvial deposits on nearly level and gently sloping areas of lake plains, outwash plains, ground moraines, bars, low dunes and beach ridges. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 32 inches. The mean annual temperature ranges from 42 to 44 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Finch, Leafriver, Spot, and Wallace soils. The Finch soils are somewhat poorly drained and are in slightly lower landscape positions. The poorly drained Spot and very poorly drained Leafriver soils are in depressions and drainageways. The Wallace soils are well drained and occupy slightly higher landscape positions. The Wallace, Finch and Spot soils form a drainage sequence with the Paquin series.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. These soils have representative wet soil moisture status from 24 to 42 inches below the surface during the months of March, April, May, June, October, and November. Surface runoff is negligible to low, dependent on slope. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid through the ortstein layers and rapid in the remainder of the profile.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are forested. Overstory vegetation consists of sugar maple, red maple, eastern hemlock, quaking aspen, yellow birch, black cherry, American beech, red pine and eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and central Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Paquin soils are of minor extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Mackinac County, Michigan, 1994.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from 2 to 12 inches (E horizon); albic horizon - the zone from the 2 to 12 inches (E horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 12 to 27 inches (Bhs, Bhsm, and Bsm horizons); ortstein feature - spodic horizon is cemented in 90 percent or more of each pedon.
This soil has an oxyaquic soil moisture regime, but there is currently no oxyaquic subgroup within the Durorthods, so it has been placed in the Typic subgroup.
ADDITIONAL DATA: