LOCATION PINOKA NCEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Pinoka gravelly fine sandy loam on a 14 percent slope in a loblolly pine plantation. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)
A--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium, and few coarse roots; 20 percent gravel by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
E--10 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent gravel by volume; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
Bt--18 to 27 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; few discontinous clay films on ped faces; 1 percent gravel by volume; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 20 inches thick)
Cr--27 to 80 inches; highly weathered, moderately fractured Triassic sandstone with strata of Triassic siltstone; can be dug with difficulty with hand tools.
TYPE LOCATION: Montgomery County, North Carolina; about 9.0 miles east of Mount Gilead on North Carolina Highway 731 to Secondary Road 1563; approximately 2.1 miles northeast on Secondary Road 1563 to an unnumbered U.S. Forest Service Road; approximately 0.6 mile south and east on unnumbered U.S. Forest Service Road; 20 feet south of road, in loblolly pine plantation; Harrisville USGS Quadrangle; lat. 35 degrees 13 minutes 32 seconds N. and long. 79 degrees 49 minutes 44 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Solum Thickness: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered bedrock (paralithic contact--Cr) and 40 to 60 inches or more to unweathered bedrock (lithic contact--R)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 60 inches
Rock Fragments: 0 to 60 percent, by volume, in any horizon, but averages less than 35 percent throughout the profile; mostly Triassic sandstone gravels and cobbles
Rock Fragments on the surface: 0 to 15 percent; mostly cobbles, stones, or boulders
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, except where limed
Content of mica flakes: None or few
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
A or Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
E horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam
EB or BE horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)-sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Mottles (if they occur)--shades of red, yellow, or brown
BC horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 10R to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8, or is mottled in shades of brown, yellow, or red
Texture (fine-earth fraction)-sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or sandy clay loam
Mottles (if they occur)--shades of red, yellow, or brown
C or CB horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 10R to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8, or is mottled in shades of brown, yellow, or red
Texture (fine-earth fraction) loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam saprolite
Mottles (if they occur)--shades of red, yellow, or brown
Cr layer:
Type of bedrock--weathered, highly fractured Triassic sandstone bedrock
occasionally with strata of siltstone, or mudstone
R layer (if it occurs):
Type of bedrock--unweathered, slightly fractured Triassic sandstone bedrock
COMPETING SERIES:
Buckhead soils--are very deep and formed in material weathered from acid
crystalline and metamorphic rock, primarily granite and granite gneiss.
Rawlings soils--have a depth to hard bedrock of 20 to 40 inches and formed in material weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rock, primarily granite and granite gneiss.
Shady soils--are very deep and formed on stream terraces in loamy alluvium weathered from sandstone, limestone and shale.
Soils in similar families:
Cheaha soils--are on mountains and have sandstone cobbles and stones larger than 3 inches ranging from 15 to 35 percent by volume in each horizon
Fruithurst soils--formed in residuum weathered from slate
Montonia soils--have a depth to hard bedrock of 40 to 60 inches and formed in residuum weathered from fine-grained, high-grade metamorphic rock such as sericite schist, Carolina slate, or phyllite
Rion soils--are very deep and weathered from acid crystalline rocks
State soils--are very deep, have a brownish yellow subsoil, and formed from loamy fluvial and marine sediments
Sugargrove soils--formed in residuum weathered from interbedded siltstone, limestone, and shale on the
Highland Rim in Tennessee and possibly the Pennyroyal in Kentucky
Wickham soils--are very deep, have a reddish subsoil, and formed from loamy fluvial and marine sediments
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Ridges and hill slopes
Elevation: 300 to 500 feet
Parent Material: Residuum from Triassic sandstone, mudstone, or conglomerate
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 57 to 70 degrees F
Mean Annual Precipitation: 41 to 53 inches
Frost Free Period: 197 to 246 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Brickhaven soils--are deep soils with more than 35 percent clay and have a moderate shrink-swell potential. Depth to a seasonal high water table is 1.5 to 3.0 feet from November to
May; intermingled in some areas
Carbonton soils--have more than 35 percent clay and have a moderate shrink-swell potential. Depth to a seasonal high water table is 1.0 to 2.0 feet from November to May; intermingled in some areas
Hallison soils--have a paralithic contact between 40 and 60 inches and a
seasonal high water table at 2.5 to 4 feet from January to April; interminged in some areas
Mayodan soils--are very deep, fine soils on higher landscape areas
Mooshaunee soils-have a seasonal high water table at 1.5 through 3 feet from January to April; intermingled in some areas
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage Class: Well drained
Permeability Class: Moderately rapid
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hayland
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--Scarlet oak, southern red oak, chestnut oak, hickory, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, post oak, blackjack oak, red maple, and sweetgum. Where cultivated--fescue, clover, and orchard grass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Triassic basins of the thermic Piedmont area of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Small
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Anson County, North Carolina; 1999
REMARKS: Pinoka soils were previously mapped as Pinkston soils, which are now located in the mesic temperature regime due to an adjustment of the thermic/mesic temperature regime line. Pinkston soils have a lithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 18 inches (A and E horizons)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 18 and 27 inches (Bt horizon)
Paralithic contact--the occurrence of weathered bedrock at a depth of 27 inches (upper boundary of the Cr horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 37 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data will be available from the Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska; pedon number
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC PINOKA 2-50 57-65 170-200 41-53 200-600 NC PINOKA 2-50 57-65 170-200 41-53 200-600SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NC NONE >6.0 20-40 SOFT NC NONE >6.0 20-40 SOFT
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC 0-18 FSL SL 0-10 85-100 5-20 2- 10 NC 0-18 VFSL SIL L 0-10 85-100 5-20 2- 10 NC 18-27 FSL SL SIL L 0-10 80-100 18-27 5- 20 NC 18-27 SCL CL SICL 0-10 80-100 20-35 5- 20 NC 27-80 WB - - - -
NC 0-18 GR-L GR-SL GR-FSL 0-5 55- 90 5-20 2- 10 NC 0-18 ST-L ST-SL ST-FSL 10-25 55- 90 5-20 2- 10 NC 18-27 FSL SL SIL L 0-10 80-100 18-27 5- 20 NC 18-27 SCL CL SICL 0-10 80-100 20-35 5- 20 NC 27-80 WB - - - -
SOI-5 Depth -pH- -O.M.- Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC 0-18 4.0- 5.5 .5-2. 0-0 2.0-6.0 LOW NC 0-18 4.0- 5.5 .5-2. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 18-27 4.0- 5.5 0.-.2 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 18-27 4.0- 5.5 0.-.2 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 27-80 - - - 0.00-0.06 NC 0-18 4.0- 5.5 .5-2. 0-0 2.0-6.0 LOW NC 0-18 4.0- 5.5 .5-2. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 18-27 4.0- 5.5 0.-.2 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 18-27 4.0- 5.5 0.-.2 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW NC 27-80 - - - 0.00-0.06