LOCATION SOURIS                  ND

Established Series
ARG-JJB
03/2017

SOURIS SERIES

The Souris series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in fine-loamy till. These soils are on linear and convex slopes on ground moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 570 millimeters. Mean annual air temperature is about 4 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Hapludolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Souris loam, on a linear slope of 3 percent, in a map unit of Hamlet-Souris loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of about 500 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 15 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1), very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; loam; weak cloddy structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; few fine pores; about 3 percent pebbles; pH 7.0 (neutral); abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw--15 to 24 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; loam; moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; common fine pores; about 3 percent pebbles; pH 7.0 (neutral); clear smooth boundary.

Bk--24 to 80 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots throughout; common fine pores; common fine irregular soft masses of carbonates; violent effervescence; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations in the lower part; about 5 percent pebbles; pH 8.2 (moderately alkaline); clear wavy boundary.

BCk--80 to 130 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; clay loam; weak very coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few, very fine roots throughout; few fine pores; common fine irregular soft masses of carbonates; strong effervescence; common fine distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 and 7.5YR 5/8) and common fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; about 5 percent pebbles and 1 percent cobbles; pH 8.1 (moderately alkaline); gradual wavy boundary.

C--130 to 160 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; clay loam; massive; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine pores; strong effervescence; few fine masses of gypsum; common fine faint olive gray (5Y 5/2) redoximorphic depletions; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6 and 7.5YR 5/8) and common fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; about 5 percent pebbles and 1 percent cobbles; pH 8.0 (moderately alkaline); gradual wavy boundary.

Cy--160 to 200 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; clay loam; massive; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; strong effervescence; common fine and medium masses of gypsum; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; about 5 percent pebbles and 1 percent cobbles; pH 8.0 (moderately alkaline).

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area 55A-Northern Black Glaciated Plains; Renville County, North Dakota; about 18 miles north and 2 miles west of Norma; located about 1,500 feet south and 150 feet east of the northwest corner, section 31, T. 164 N., R. 87 W.; USGS Bowbells NE topographic quadrangle; latitude 48.9908730, longitude -102.0208740, WGS 84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of mollic epipedon--18 (after mixing) to 30 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--20 to 38 centimeters
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent gravel, 0 to 3 percent cobbles, mixed lithology
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--18 to 35 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--15 to 52 percent
Depth to redoximorphic features-75 to 100 centimeters

Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3 moist, 3 or 4 dry
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture-typically loam, clay loam, or silt loam, but range includes fine sandy loam
Clay content--16 to 30 percent
Sand content--25 to 55 percent
Reaction--pH 6.6 to 7.8
Thickness--10 to 25 centimeters

Bw horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--2 to 4 moist, 4 to 6 dry
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--loam, clay loam, or silt loam
Clay content--16 to 30 percent
Sand content--25 to 52 percent
Reaction--pH 6.6 to 8.1
Thickness--8 to 23 centimeters

In some pedons, the Bw has very slight effervescence.

Bk and BCk horizons:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y in the Bk; 2.5Y or 5Y in the BCk
Value--4 to 6 moist, 5 to 7 dry
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--typically loam or clay loam, but range includes silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--18 to 35 percent
Sand content--18 to 52 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--15 to 30 percent
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 8.4
Redoximorphic features--common to many, distinct or prominent depletions and concentrations (below a depth of 75 centimeters)
Thickness (combined)--52 to 104 centimeters

C horizon:
Hue--2.5Y or 5Y
Value--3 to 5 moist, 5 or 6 dry
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--typically loam or clay loam, includes silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--18 to 35 percent
Sand content--18 to 52 percent
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 9.0
Redoximorphic features--few to common, distinct or prominent depletions and concentrations

Cy horizon:
Hue--2.5Y or 5Y
Value--3 to 5 moist, 5 or 6 dry
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--clay loam or loam
Clay content--18 to 35 percent
Sand content--18 to 52 percent
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 9.0
Gypsum--5 to 10 percent
Redoximorphic features--few to common, distinct or prominent depletions and concentrations

In some pedons, the Cy is not present or is below 200 centimeters.
Some pedons have a 2C horizon containing higher amounts of sand below a depth of 100 centimeters.

COMPETING SERIES:
Kittson--have more than 50 percent sand in the A and Bw horizons and formed in lacustrine sediments over till
Hamlet--have common, distinct redoximorphic features within 75 centimeters

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--fine-loamy till
Landform--level to undulating ground moraines; linear and convex slopes
Slope--0 to 6 percent
Elevation--435 to 600 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--2 to 6 degrees C (36 to 43 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation--410 to 580 millimeters (16 to 23 inches)
Frost-free period--110 to 150 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
These are the Balaton, Cresbard, Hamlet, Svea, Tonka and Wyard soils.
Balaton--are on convex slopes and summits of rises and are calcareous to the surface
Cresbard-are on flats and have a natric horizon
Hamlet--are on concave slopes and on flats and have redoximorphic features within 75 centimeters
Svea--are on foot slopes of rises and have a mollic epipedon greater than 40 centimeters thick
Tonka--are in depressions, and have an aquic moisture regime and an argillic horizon
Wyard--are on slightly lower on landscape positions and have redox features within a depth of 40 centimeters

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--these soils are frequently saturated between a depth of 75 and 100 centimeters during the wettest part (April and May) of normal years; this saturation is considered apparent.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.00 to 10.00 micrometers per second

USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are small grains, canola, corn and soybeans. Native vegetation is green needlegrass, western wheatgrass, bearded wheatgrass, big bluestem, and a variety of forbs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic Section--Western Lake section
MLRAs--Northern Black Glaciated Plains (55A);
LRR--Northern Great Plains Spring Wheat Region (F); north-central North Dakota
Extent--large

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Renville County, North Dakota, 2017.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section-the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (Bk and BCk horizons; in some pedons, part of the Bw horizon is also included);
series control section--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 150 centimeters (Ap, Bw, Bk, BCk, and C horizons).

Diagnostic horizons and features in this pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface at the soil to a depth of 18 centimeters (after mixing Ap horizon and upper part of Bw horizon);
aquic conditions--Endosaturation--75 to 100 centimeters;
redoximorphic features--Redoximorphic concentrations, Masses--80 to 200 centimeters; Redoximorphic depletions, Iron--80 to 160 centimeters
soil moisture control section--10 to 30 centimeters;
udic moisture regime;
soil temperature control section--0 to 50 centimeters;
frigid soil temperature regime.

Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data for similar soils in the surrounding area.

Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Twelfth Edition, 2014.

The Souris series was previously included in the concept of the Hamlet series. Hamlet has been reclassified as Aquic Hapludolls.

In areas near to Glacial Lake Souris, the till appears to have been reworked by water action with lenses of silts and fine sands observed in some pedons. This area may need further investigation.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Pedon 2016ND075021 is the type location.
Laboratory data--pedons S1949ND075011, S1950ND075002, S1950ND075008 provide some additional accompanying data.
S50NDak-38-5, S49NDak-38-6 Soil Survey Investigations No.2, pages 2-3, and pages 238-239.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.