LOCATION STONEHEAD INEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Stonehead silt loam on a southwest-facing convex slope of 10 percent in an idle crop field at an elevation of about 180 meters (590 feet) above MSL. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) thick]
Bt1--13 to 28 cm (5 to 11 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds; many fine and medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) worm casts throughout; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--28 to 48 cm (11 to 19 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; few prominent very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt coats on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--48 to 61 cm (19 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; many prominent very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt coats on faces of peds; common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt4--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; many distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay films on faces of peds; common fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common fine prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [The combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches).]
2Bt5--76 to 99 cm (30 to 39 inches); red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay; moderate fine and medium angular blocky and subangular blocky structure; very firm; many prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds and gray (10YR 5/1) clay films in root channels; many fine prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent pebbles (ironstone); very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) thick]
2Bt6--99 to 117 cm (39 to 46 inches); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) silty clay; weak thick platy structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; very firm; many prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay films on faces of peds and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films in root channels; common fine faint yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 2 percent pebbles (ironstone); strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) thick]
2BC1--117 to 140 cm (46 to 55 inches); light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) parachannery silty clay loam; weak thick platy structure parting to weak fine angular blocky; very firm; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine distinct light olive gray (5Y 6/2) and prominent greenish gray (5GY 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 20 percent parachanners; 2 percent gravel (ironstone); strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2BC2--140 to 165 cm (55 to 65 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) extremely parachannery silty clay loam; moderate thick platy structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; very firm; many fine prominent greenish gray (5G 6/1) iron depletions in the matrix; 60 percent parachanners up to 6 inches in length; 10 percent gravel (ironstone); strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [The combined thickness of the 2BC horizons is 13 to 38 cm (5 to 25 inches.)]
2Cr--165 to 203 cm (65 to 80 inches); olive (5Y 5/4) weakly cemented shale bedrock; many medium prominent greenish gray (5G 6/1) coatings on fragments; 10 percent gravel (ironstone); slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Jackson County, Indiana; about 1 mile south of Brownstown; 230 feet south and 1,020 feet east of the center of sec. 23, T. 5 N., R. 4 E. USGS Vallonia, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 51 minutes 29.2 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 2 minutes 37.9 seconds W., UTM Zone 16, 582958 easting and 4301465 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 168 cm (40 to 66 inches)
Depth to bedrock (paralithic contact): 112 to 191 cm (44 to 75 inches)
Pararock fragments: weakly cemented shale or siltstone
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Depth: 2 to 5 inches
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
BE horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 4 or 6
Texture: silt loam
Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 26 to 35 percent
Sand content: 2 to 5 percent
Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid
2Bt horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR in the upper part and includes 10YR or 2.5Y in the lower part
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 8 with redoximorphic depletions
Texture: commonly silty clay or silty clay loam, and less commonly their parachannery analogues or clay
Clay content: 38 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 5 percent
Pararock content: 0 to 20 percent parachanners
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent ironstone gravel and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
2BC or 2CB horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 6 with redoximorphic depletions
Texture: parachannery to extremely parachannery analogues of silty clay loam
Clay content: 28 to 38 percent
Sand content: 4 to 8 percent
Pararock content: 20 to 70 percent parachanners
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent ironstone pebbles and cobbles
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
2Cr horizon:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Reaction: is very strongly acid to slightly acid
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ashburn, Blocher, Deuchars, Gallipolis, Jeneva, Percell, Tarhollow and Westgate series. All these series, except Deuchars, Tarhollow and Westgate do not have a paralithic contact in the series control section. Deuchars soils average more than 14 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Tarhollow soils dominantly have siltstone channers and not pararock fragments in the lower part of the series control section and have a total amount of fragments less than 20 percent in the 2BC horizons. Westgate soils are neutral to moderately alkaline in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Stonehead soils are on hills underlain with shale or siltstone. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent. Stonehead soils formed in 64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches) of loess and the underlying residuum weathered from soft shale or soft siltstone bedrock. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1168 mm (40 to 46 inches), and mean annual temperature ranges from 11 to 14 degrees C (52 to 57 degrees F). Frost-free days range from 170 to 200. Elevation ranges from 104 to 305 meters (340 to 1000 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Coolville, Deam, Gnawbone, Kurtz, Rarden, Trevlac and Wellrock soils. The moderately well drained, deep Coolville and moderately deep Rarden soils are generally on shoulders and backslopes of hills. The well drained, moderately deep Deam and Gnawbone soils are on shoulders and backslopes of hills. The well drained, deep Kurtz soils are on backslopes of hills. The well drained, moderately deep Trevlac soils are on shoulders and backslopes of hills.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface water runoff is medium to very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/sec) in the upper part of the solum and moderately low or moderately high (0.42 to 1.41 micrometers/sec) in the lower part. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum and slow in the lower part. Depth to an intermittent perched seasonal high water table is a 61 to 91 centimeters (2.0 to 3.0 feet) in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay, pasture or are in woodland. A few areas are used to grow corn and soybeans. Native vegetation consists of mixed hardwoods with oaks, hickory, beech, maple, and tulip poplar the major species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. This soil is of moderate extent in the east part of MLRA 120C.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Jackson County, Indiana, 1985.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1) Ochric epipedon: the zone from 0 to 13 cm or 5 inches) (Ap horizon);
2) Argillic horizon: the zone from 13 to 117 cm or 5 to 46 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4, 2Bt5, 2Bt6 horizons);
3) Redoximorphic features: at 61 to 165 cm or 24 to 65 inches);
4) Paralithic contact at 165 cm or 65 inches (Cr horizon).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data available: 1) Agricultural Experiment Station, Purdue University, Station Bulletin no. 274, file no.'s JN7806 and JN7809 (typical pedon); 2) National Soil Survey Lab, pedon S89IN-143-009.