LOCATION SMILEY                  MN

Established Series
RBH-CJH-KMD
07/2015

SMILEY SERIES

The Smiley series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained soils formed in loamy glacial till on lake plains, till plains and moraines. These soils have moderate or moderately slow permeability. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 4 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is about 56 centimeters.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiaquolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Smiley sandy clay loam on a linear slightly convex slope on a glacial lake plain in a small grain field at 344 meters elevation. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated)

Ap--0 to 30 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) sandy clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky; friable; about 2 percent gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (18 to 36 centimeters thick)

Btg--30 to 48 centimeters; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay loam; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redox concentrations; moderate fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; common thin and medium black (10YR 2/1) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (10 to 25 centimeters thick)

Bkg1--48 to 61 centimeters; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay loam; few fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; friable; few fine irregularly shaped masses of carbonates; about 2 percent gravel; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bkg2--61 to 89 centimeters; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay loam; few fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine irregularly shaped masses of carbonates; about 2 percent gravel; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bkg3--89 to 107 centimeters; olive gray (5Y 5/2) loam; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; weak very coarse angular blocky and weak moderately thick platy structure; friable; few fine irregularly shaped masses of carbonates; about 2 percent gravel; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined Bkg horizons 25 to 112 centimeters thick)

Cg1--107 to 178 centimeters; olive gray (5Y 5/2) loam; many medium prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; massive; friable; about 2 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg2--178 to 200 centimeters; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loam; common fine and medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) and few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; massive; friable; about 2 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles with 1 percent weathered granite fragments; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Pennington County, Minnesota; about 3 kilometers south of Thief River Falls; 123 meters west and 305 meters south of the center of sec. 11, T. 153 N., R. 43 W.; 48 degrees, 5 minutes, 1 second north latitude and 96 degrees, 8 minutes, 40 seconds west longitude; NAD27; USGS Thief River Falls topoquadrangle.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates range - 25 to 66 centimeters
Thickness of mollic epipedon - 18 to 36 centimeters
Argillic particle sizes - 18 to 35 percent clay and 25 to 45 percent sand
Rock fragments - 2 to 10 percent. Some pedons have lag lines less than 5 centimeters thick in the upper C horizon that contain up to 35 percent rock fragments
Electrical conductivity of the saturation extract - less than 2 mmhos/cm throughout the soil

Typically, the depressional phase has an Oa horizon up to 20 centimeters thick that has textures similar to the A horizon but with mucky modifiers.

Ap and A horizons:
Hue - 10YR, 2.5Y or is neutral
Value - 2 or 3
Chroma - 0 or 2
Texture - loam, sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction - slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have an A1 horizon 5 to 15 centimeters in thickness

Btg horizon:
Hue - 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y
Value - 3 to 5
Chroma - 1 to 3
Texture - clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam or silty clay loam
Redoximorphic features - distinct or prominent present in the upper part where chroma is 2
Consistence - friable or firm.
Reaction - neutral to moderately alkaline
Clay films - common or many, thin or moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and lining or filling pores are present in the upper part of the B horizon. Lower part of the B horizon has few or common thin and less commonly moderately thick clay films lining pores. The clay films have hue of 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2

Bkg horizon:
Hue - 2.5Y or 5Y
Value - 4 to 7
Chroma - 1 to 4
Texture - loam or clay loam
Redoximorphic features - few or common, distinct or prominent
Reaction -moderately alkaline
Some pedons have a BCk or CBk horizon

Cg horizons:
Hue - 2.5Y or 5Y
Value - 4 to 6
Chroma - 1 or 2
Texture - loam, silty clay loam or clay loam
Redoximorphic features - few to many, distinct or prominent
Calcium carbonate equivalent - 10 to 25 percent
Moist bulk density - 1.35 to 1.60 g/cc
Reaction - slightly to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are in the Alamosa, Brandsvold and Friberg soils (it is assumed the Alamosa and Brandsvold series are competing, pending an update in the classification). Alamosa soils have an electrical conductivity that ranges from 2 to 16 mmhos/cm in the argillic horizon. Brandsvold and Friberg series have more than 45 percent fine sand or coarser in the argillic horizon.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landform - level and nearly level lake plains, till plains and moraines
Parent material - loamy calcareous till of Late Wisconsin Age
Slope - 0 to 2 percent
Mean annual air temperature - 2 to 6 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 48 to 64 centimeters
Frost-free days - 90 to 130
Elevation - above sea level ranges from 290 to 381 meters

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Kratka, Hamre, Linveldt, Reiner and Roliss soils.
Kratka -sandy over loamy and lack argillic horizons
Hamre - have a thin layer of organic material at the surface
Linveldt - are higher lying and have less clay in the argillic horizon
Reiner and Roliss - form a hydrosequence with Smiley soils
Reiner - are on higher positions with seasonal high water table deeper than 75 centimeters
Roliss - are lower lying and do not have an argillic horizon

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class - poorly drained and very poorly drained
Runoff - negligible to low
Permeability - moderate or moderately slow
Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table - high as 15 to 46 centimeters at some time from April to July in most years for the poorly drained phase. It is at plus 30 to 15 centimeters from January to December for the depressional or very poorly drained phase

USE AND VEGETATION: Most soils are cropped to small grains, sunflowers, and hay. Some are pastured. Native vegetation is mixed tall grass prairie and forest, mostly aspen.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division - Interior Plains
Physiographic Province - Central Lowland
Physiographic section - Western Lake section
MLRAs - Red River Valley of the North (56);
Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57);
Northern Minnesota Glacial Lake Basins (88)
Extent - extensive

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pennington County, Minnesota, October 1981.

REMARKS:
Most of these soils were mapped with the Roliss soils, but are being separated because they have an argillic horizon.
Diagnostic horizons and features:
Mollic epipedon - zone from surface to 30 centimeters (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon - from 30 to 48 centimeters (Btg horizon)
Aquic moisture regime criteria - chroma less than 3, hue of 5Y and redoximorphic concentrations directly below the mollic epipedon (Btg horizon)

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Refer to NSSL Nos. 78P3578 - 78P3585 and 1984MN1131, 2003MN11901, 1993MN119034, and 2000MN089103 for data on typical pedons. Also refer to MN. Exp. Sta. Central File Code No. 2404 and 2405 for partial analysis of additional pedons.
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.