LOCATION VALLONIA IN

Established Series
DLM-GRS
11/2021

VALLONIA SERIES

The Vallonia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy outwash over sandy stratified outwash on low stream terraces and flood-plain steps. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 55 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Vallonia loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 530 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 centimeters (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; many fine and very fine roots; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches) thick]

BE--20 to 46 centimeters (8 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; many distinct brown (10YR 4/3) organic coatings in root channels; common fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches) thick]

Bt1--46 to 69 centimeters (18 to 27 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium and fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2--69 to 96 centimeters (27 to 38 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; many distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; many fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; common medium and fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3--96 to 119 centimeters (38 to 47 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; common medium and fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 48 to 96 cm (19 to 38 inches).]

BC--119 to 142 centimeters (47 to 56 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) stratified sandy clay loam and coarse sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. [0 to 35 cm (0 to 14 inches) thick]

2C1--142 to 173 centimeters (56 to 68 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy coarse sand, with thin strata of coarse sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine very dark gray (10YR 3/1) iron and manganese concretions; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C2--173 to 203 centimeters (68 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) sand; massive; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Jackson County, Indiana; about 3 miles west of Brownstown; 1,180 feet south and 250 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 18, T. 5 N., R. 4 E.; USGS Vallonia, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 52 minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 6 minutes 49 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 576890 easting and 4303118 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates, where present: more than 102 cm (40 inches)
Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4 (moist), 6 or more dry
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or sandy loam
Clay content: 8 to 19 percent
Sand content: 32 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent fine gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

E, BE or BA horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR,
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam or sandy loam
Clay content: 8 to 19 percent
Sand content: 30 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent fine gravel
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid

Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 8, and ranges to 2 in the lower part
Texture: loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 34 percent
Sand content: 30 to 65 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent fine gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid or slightly acid in the upper part and moderately acid to neutral in the lower part

BC or BCg horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: loam, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam or sandy clay loam, with strata of gravelly sandy loam in some pedons
Clay content: 12 to 33 percent
Sand content: 30 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent fine gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline

2C or 2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: the upper part is stratified loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam or coarse sandy loam and the lower part is dominantly stratified sand or coarse sand, with thin strata of coarse sandy loam, loamy coarse sand, or gravelly coarse sand in some pedons
Clay content: 0 to 10 percent
Sand content: 70 to 98 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 15 percent fine gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bogart, Centerburg, Cygnet, Haney, Houcktown, Jenera, Jugtown, Nicely, Reaville, Scattersville, Swampoodle, Thackery, Tuscola, Vanlue, and Williamstown series. Bogart, Thackery and Haney soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Centerburg, Cygnet, Houcktown, Jenera, Nicely, Vanlue and Williamstown soils have more than 10 percent clay and glacial till in the lower part of the series control section. Jugtown soils formed in alluvium with rock fragments of sandstone, chert, and shale. Reaville soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Scattersville soils formed in colluvium from mixed basic and acidic rock materials and typically contain mica flakes. Swampoodle soils formed in colluvium over residuum derived from greenstone schist, biotite schist, and basic gneiss and are strongly acid or very strongly acid throughout the soil profile. Tuscola soils do not have rock fragments in the soil profile and formed in stratified loamy and silty lacustrine sediments.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Vallonia soils formed in loamy outwash over sandy stratified outwash on low stream terraces and flood-plain steps. Slope gradients range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual temperature ranges from 11 to 13 degrees C. (52 to 56 degrees F.), mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1143 mm (40 to 45 inches), frost-free period ranges from 170 to 200 days, and elevation ranges from 110 to 305 meters (360 to 1,000 feet) above sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Armiesburg, Nineveh and Whitaker soils. The well drained Armiesburg soils are on adjacent flood plains. The well drained Nineveh soils are on slightly higher rises. The somewhat poorly drained Whitaker soils are on slightly lower treads.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. The potential for surface runoff is low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/sec) in the solum and high or very high (42.34 to 141.14 micrometers/sec) in the substratum. Permeability is moderate (0.6 to 2 inches per hour) in the solum and rapid (6 to 20 inches per hour) in the substratum. In drained areas, the depth to the top of the apparent seasonal high water table ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 feet from December to April in normal years. These soils are subject to occasional or frequent periods of annual flooding.

USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly cropped to corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. Native vegetation is dominantly deciduous hardwood forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The type location is in MLRA 114A. The soils are of small extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Jackson County, Indiana, 2010.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: 0 to 46 centimeters (0 to 8 inches) (Ap, BE horizon)
Argillic horizon: 46 to 119 centimeters (18 to 47 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons)

NASIS Data Mapunit ID 118527 represents the typical pedon.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon, S81IN071-6-(1-8), from the Purdue University Soil Characterization Lab

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.