LOCATION WINNESHIEK IA+MI MN WI
Established Series
Rev. FFR-LDC-JRH
11/2018
WINNESHIEK SERIES
The Winneshiek series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in 50 to 100 centimeters of loamy sediments with or without a thin paleosol over limestone bedrock. These soils are convex side slopes on uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 9 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is about 735 millimeters.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Winneshiek loam, on a southwest-facing, convex slope of 3 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 centimeters; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, gray (10YR 5/1) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 23 centimeters thick)
E--18 to 28 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3), dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), and very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; weak thin platy structure; friable; many worm casts; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 15 centimeters thick)
BE--28 to 41 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3), dark brown (10YR 3/3), and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few light gray (10YR 7/1) silt coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (8 to 20 centimeters thick)
Bt1--41 to 53 centimeters; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (10 to 50 centimeters thick)
2Bt2--53 to 61 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay; strong fine and very fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; many distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/4) and few distinct black (10YR 2/1) clay films on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 13 centimeters thick)
3R--61 centimeters; white (10YR 8/1) limestone, weathered in the upper part grading to hard fractured limestone bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, Winneshiek County, Iowa subset; about 1 mile west and 1/2 mile south of Ridgeway; located about 1,710 feet north and 35 feet east of the southwest corner of section 22, T. 98 N., R. 10 W.; USGS Cresco SE topographic quadrangle; lat. 43.289167 degrees and long. -92.022389 degrees, WGS84.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to limestone bedrock (lithic contact)--50 to 100 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--50 to 100 centimeters, not in materials above limestone bedrock
Clay content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 35 percent
Sand content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--15 to 55 percent
Ap or A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content--15 to 24 percent
Sand content--15 to 60 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral, (5.6 to 7.3)
E horizon (if present):
Hue--10YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--2 or 3
Texture--silt loam or loam
Clay content--18 to 24 percent
Sand content--20 to 52 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral, (5.6 to 7.3)
BE horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--silt loam or loam
Clay content--18 to 27 percent
Sand content--20 to 52 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral, (5.6 to 7.3)
Bt horizon:
Hue--10YR or 7.5YR
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--loam, clay loam or sandy clay loam
Clay content--20 to 35 percent
Sand content--25 to 60 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral, (5.6 to 7.3)
2Bt horizon (when present):
Hue--5YR, 7.5YR or 10YR
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 8
Texture--clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam
Clay content--30 to 75 percent
Sand content--10 to 45 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral, (5.6 to 7.3)
Many pedons have a stone line in or above the 2Bt horizon
Some pedons have layers 0.3 to 1.5 meters thick above the hard, level-bedded, limestone bedrock, which may not be root restrictive. These layers are channery, very channery, and extremely channery analogs of silty clay to sandy loam with rock fragment content of 3 to 35 percent channers and 0 to 15 percent flagstones
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Angus,
Argyle,
Bassett,
Blooming,
Caleb,
Cortland,
Gara,
Koronis,
Lester,
Newcomer,
Orwood,
Racine,
Sebbo,
Taopi, and
Waucoma series.
Angus--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have carbonates within a depth of 137 centimeters
Argyle--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have matrix hues of 5YR or redder in the lower half of the series control section
Bassett--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have a moist bulk density range of 1.75 g/cc to 190 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Blooming--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters (and have carbonates within a depth of 165 centimeters and have 2 to 6 percent rock fragments in the lower two-thirds of the series control section
Caleb--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have more than 40 percent sand in the lower third of the series control section
Cortland--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 1 to 20 percent in the lower two-thirds of the series control section
Gara--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have a clay content that averages 30 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Koronis--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters, have carbonates within a depth of 91 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 2 to 15 percent in the series control section
Lester--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters, have carbonates within a depth of 137 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 1 to 8 percent in the series control section
Newcomer--have a paralithic contact with sandstone within a depth of 100 centimeters
Orwood--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters, do not have carbonates within a depth of 150 centimeters, and have a clay content that averages 18 to 30 percent in the particle-size control section
Racine--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters, have carbonates within a depth of 178 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 2 to 12 percent in the lower two-thirds of the series control section
Sebbo--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have redoximorphic features in the lower third of the series control section
Taopi--do not have a lithic contact within a depth of 100 centimeters and have a rock fragment content of 10 to 40 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Waucoma--have a lithic contact with limestone within a depth of 150 centimeters
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 100 centimeters of glacial drift with or without a thin paleosol over limestone bedrock
Landform--convex slopes on uplands
Slope--0 to 35 percent
Elevation--160 to 400 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--6 to 12 degrees C (45 to 53 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation--580 to 1040 millimeters
Frost-free period--155 to 210 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Bassett,
Jacwin, Marlene, and
Nordness soils.
Bassett--are at higher landscape positions on interfluves and side slopes, do not have a lithic contact within the series control section, and have a moist bulk density range of 1.75 g/cc to 190 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Jacwin--are at lower landscape positions on structural benches and have residuum from calcareous shale within a depth of 100 centimeters
Marlean--are at lower landscape positions on side slopes, do not have a lithic contact within the series control section, and have mollic epipedons
Nordness--are at lower landscape positions on high structural benches, crests, and convex side slopes and have a lithic contact of dolomitic limestone within a depth of 50 centimeters
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--well drained--a frequently saturated zone does not occur within a depth of 1.8 meters during the wettest periods of normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.00 to 10.00 micrometers per second in the glacial drift, 0.01 to 1.00 micrometers per second in the paleosol (when present), and 0.01 to 10.00 micrometers per second in the limestone bedrock depending on the amount of weathered rock
Surface runoff potential--negligible to high
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. More steeply sloping areas are pastured. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, other grasses of the tall grass prairie, and deciduous trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Eastern lake section, Dissected till plains, Wisconsin driftless section
MLRAs--Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drfit Plain (95B),
Southern Michigan and Northeren Indiana Drift Plain (98),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104), and
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105)
LRRs K, L and M; northeastern Iowa, northwestern Illinois, south-central Michigan, southeastern Minnesota, and southwestern Wisconsin
Extent--moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bremer County, Iowa, 1965.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 41 to 61 centimeters (Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 61 centimeters (Ap, E, BE, Bt1, and 2Bt2 horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 41 centimeters (Ap, E, and BE horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 41 to 61 centimeters (Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons);
lithic contact--the contact with limestone bedrock at 61 centimeters;
udic moisture regime.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, twelfth edition, 2014.
Refer to DMUid 284,617 in NASIS for soil property data. NASIS Pedon ID S1959IA191009
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.