LOCATION CHADAKOIN NYEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Chadakoin silt loam on a 20 percent slope in an idle grassy field at an elevation of 1580 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap-- 0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary (4 to 12 inches thick.)
Bw1-- 4 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; few large roots; common fine tubular pores; 5 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2-- 13 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and few medium roots; many fine tubular and few medium vesicular pores; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 10 to 33 inches.)
BC-- 24 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly loam, weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common medium tubular pores; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 24 inches thick.)
C-- 43 to 72 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; massive; friable; 30 percent rock fragments; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Chautauqua County, New York; town of Westfield, 1.3 miles north of Parker Road and N.Y. Rt. 76, 45 feet west of Parker Road. USGS South Ripley, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 12 minutes, 06 seconds N. and Longitude 79 degrees, 36 minutes, 40 seconds W., NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 40 inches. Rock fragments, mainly gravel, channers, and flagstones range from 5 to 35 percent by volume, in the upper part of the solum, from 15 to 50 percent in the lower part of the solum and from 10 to 65 percent in the substratum. Weighted average for rock fragment volume is less than 35 percent in the particle-size control section.
The O horizon has hue of 5YR through 2.5Y, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid.
The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is silt loam or loam in the fine earth fraction. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR through 2.5Y, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 through 6. In some pedons there are redoximorphic features in the lower part of the B horizon. Texture is silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is subangular blocky, prismatic or granular. Consistence is very friable or friable. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The BC horizon has hue, value and chroma similar to the B horizon. Fine-earth texture is sandy loam, silt loam or loam. Structure is weak fine or medium subangular blocky, coarse or very coarse prismatic or platy. Consistence is friable or firm. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid. Some pedons have a CB horizon.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 2 through 4. Fine-earth texture is sandy loam, silt loam or loam. The horizon is massive, or has prismatic or platy structure. Consistence is friable or firm. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. Some pedons have a 2Cr horizon.
In pedons that are only deep, the underlying 2R horizon is horizontal-bedded sandstone, siltstone, or shale.
COMPETING SERIES: The Chatfield, Maplecrest, and Valois series are in the same family. Chatfield soils are less than 40 inches to bedrock. Maplecrest soils have 5YR or redder hue in the B horizon. Valois soils are underlain with stratified deposits below a depth of 40 inches.
Similar soils in other families include the Amostown and Pollux soils that are underlain with stratified very fine sand or silt. The Ashe, Cardigan, Chatfield, Ditney, Hazel, Lordstown, Marrowbone, Steinsburg, Wakeman and Yalesville soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to bedrock. The Bernardston, Broadbrook, Montauk, Nantucket, Newport, Paxton, Scituate and Wethersfield soils have dense till substrata. The Brookfield, and Cheshire soils have 5YR or redder hue in the B horizon. The Charlton soils have rock fragments dominated by granite, gneiss, and schist. The Dutchess and St. Albans soils are dominated by rock fragments of slate, shale, or phyllite. The Maymead soils have rock fragments dominated by quartzite, graywacke and arkosic sandstone, have a higher mean annual soil temperature, and a higher moisture content in the solum during the growing season. The Riverhead soils have a stratified sand and gravel C horizon within a depth of 40 inches. The Satsop soils receive 60 to 80 inches of precipitation annually. Chestnut and Edneyville soils formed in residuum and have saprolite in the substrata. The Fedscreek soils formed in colluvium from residuum and have a thicker substrata.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Chadakoin soils are gently sloping to very steep and are on upland till plains, hilltops and valley sides. Slope ranges from 3 to 60 percent. The soils formed in till derived mainly from siltstone, fine-grained sandstone and smaller amounts of shale. Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 50 degrees F, mean annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 45 inches, and the frost-free season ranges from 110 to 150 days. Elevation ranges from 800 to 1800 feet above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Chadakoin soils are the well drained member of a drainage sequence which includes the moderately well drained Chautauqua soils, the somewhat poorly drained Busti soils and the poorly drained Ashville soils. Other nearby soils in uplands include Mardin, Langford, Bath, Schuyler, and Towerville soils. Mardin, Langford and Bath soils have fragipans; Schuyler and Towerville have fine-loamy particle size control sections. Valois and Chenango soils occur on the stream terraces and lower valley lateral moraines.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is medium to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high in the mineral soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most gently sloping and sloping areas are cleared and used for growing corn, small grains, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is sugar maple, beech, northern red oak, white ash, black cherry and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated Allegheny Plateau of New York. MLRA 140 and 139. The series is moderately extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Chautauqua County, New York 1988.
REMARKS: Chadakoin soils have previously been mapped as an upland Variant of Valois lacking stratified material in the substratum. This soil now classifies in the subgroup of Typic Dystrudepts. Competing series may change as similar soils are reclassified.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the typical pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 4 inches (Ap horizon).
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 4 to 24 inches (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the typical pedon is available from the Cornell University Soil Survey Laboratory. Pedon number S83NY13-20.