LOCATION DUFFIELD PA+MD NJ VA WVEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Duffield silt loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Bt1--10 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--14 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay loam; weak fine prismatic parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many clay films on all faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3--28 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic parting to weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many clay films on all faces of peds; few fine faint yellow (10YR 7/8) concentrations few manganese coatings on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--41 to 53 inches; 50 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and 50 percent very pale brown (10YR 8/4) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic parting to weak medium blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many clay films on faces of peds; few manganese coatings on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
C--53 to 58 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and very pale brown (10YR 8/4) very channery silt loam; weak medium platy structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few clay films on all faces of peds; 40 percent subangular channers; strongly acid
TYPE LOCATION: Lehigh County, Pennsylvania; Upper Macungie Township, 1 mile east of Newton, 500 feet southeast and 435 feet northeast of the intersection of Routes T458 and T546, 270 feet northeast of double bole hickory trees. Topton, Pennsylvania USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangles, lat. 40 degrees, 32 minutes, 59.00 seconds N. and long. 75 degrees, 38 minutes, 41.00 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 70 inches and the argillic horizon terminates below a depth of 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 4 to 10 feet. Rock fragments of weathered limestone, quartz, chert, and shale range form 0 to 20 percent in the upper part of the solum and from 0 to 40 percent in the lower part of the solum and C horizon. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral to about the 50 inch depth and from strongly acid to slightly acid below 50 inches. Illite and vermiculite are the dominant clay minerals.
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 through 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam in the fine- earth fraction.
The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 through 8, and chroma of 4 through 8. Some pedons have subhorizons of 5YR in the lower part of the B horizon. Texture is loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam in the fine-earth fraction with about 20 to 42 percent clay and about 40 to 65 percent silt. Some pedons have subhorizons of clay or silty clay. The upper 20 inches of the B horizon has a weighted average of less than 35 percent clay. Structure is coarse or medium prismatic parting to fine or medium angular or subangular blocky of weak or moderate grade. Consistence is friable or firm, slightly sticky or sticky, and slightly plastic or plastic.
The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 through 8 and chroma of 4 through 8. Texture ranges from loam to clay in the fine-earth fraction.
COMPETING SERIES: The Alanthus, Athol, Burkittsville (T), Cateache, Culleoka, Door, Dumfries, Ebbing, Frondorf, Grayford, Hayter, Kell, Lamotte, Legore, Loudonville, Manassas, Mechanicburg, Middleburg, Morrison, Myersville, Oatlands, Pannorama, Sowego, Spriggs, Sudley, Westmoreland, Wheeling and Williamburg series are in the same family. Alanthus, Door, Ebbing, Hayter, Lamotte, Manassas, Middleburg, Morrison, Sudley and Williamburg soils have argillic horizons terminating below a depth of 40 inches or have hue of 7.5YR or yellower in the argillic horizon. Athol soils have solum thickness ranges from 40 to 75 inches and are formed in residuum mostly from Triassic conglomerate or breccias. Cateache, Culleoka, Frondorf, Kell, Loudonville and Oatlands have depth to lithic or paralithic contact ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Dumfries soils have coarse fragments of rounded quartz gravel ranges from 1 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 10 percent in the C horizon. Grayford series consists of deep, well drained soils formed in 0 to 51 centimeters (0 to 22 inches) of loess, till of Illinoian age, and residuum from limestone. Lamotte and Manassas soils do not have rock fragments of chert and limestone. Legore soils formed in material weathered from diabase, diorite, and related rocks. Mechanicburg soils formed in Wisconsinan or Illinoian Age till 20 to 36 inches thick and material weathered from the underlying fractured, fine grained sandstone or siltstone on uplands. Myersville sols have depth to a paralithic contact 40 to 60 inches, and depth to a lithic contact more than 60 inches. Pannorama soils formed predominantly in residuum from red Triassic and Jurassic interbedded siltstones and fine-grained sandstones of the Culpeper Basin of the Piedmont Plateau, depth to soft bedrock is 40 to 60 inches and depth to hard bedrock is more than 5 feet. Sowego sols depth to paralithic contact ranges from 40 to 60 inches, depth to lithic contact is greater than 60 inches. Spriggs soils have depth from 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 to 60 inches or more to hard bedrock. Westmoreland series consists of deep and very deep well drained soils formed in residuum and colluvium from siltstone, sandstone, and limestone. Wheeling series consists of very deep, well drained soils with moderate permeability. These soils formed in silty or loamy alluvial materials on river terraces.
The Bolton, Bookwood, Brecknock, Carpenter, Dormont, Neshaminy, Penn, Ryder and Washington soils are in closely related families. Bolton series consist of deep and well drained soils formed in material weathered from interbedded limestone and sandstone bedrock on mountain side slopes. The Bookwood series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils overlying interbedded limestone and shale. The Brecknock series consists of deep, well drained soils. They formed in residuum weathered from metamorphosed red shale and sandstone. The Carpenter series consists of deep, well drained, soils that formed in moderately permeable loamy colluvium over slowly permeable residuum of weathered shale or siltstone. The Dormont series consists of deep and very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in formed in colluvium and residuum of nonacid shale and siltstone and thin beds of limestone and sandstone. The Neshaminy series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils formed in materials weathered from diabase and other dark colored basic rocks. The Penn series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in materials weathered from noncalcareous reddish shale, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone normally of Triassic age. The Ryder series consists of moderately deep well drained soils. They formed in residuum weathered from thin bedded shaly limestone. The Washington series consists of deep, well drained soils formed in old glacial drift (pre-Wisconsin Age) or colluvium derived mainly from limestone and granitic gneiss. They occur on nearly level to steep glacial till plains in limestone valleys.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Duffield soils are on nearly level to steep uplands. Slope gradients are between 0 and 35 percent. These soils formed in residuum weathered from impure limestone. The climate is humid and temperate with mean annual precipitation of 34 to 46 inches, mean annual temperatures of 50 to 55 degrees F., and a growing season of 155 to 200 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are Clarksburg, Conestoga, Dunmore, Edom, Frankstown, Frederick, Hagerstown, Lawrence, Murrill, Penlaw and Ryder. Clarksburg, Conestoga, Dunmore, Edom, Frankstown, Frederick, Hagerstown, Lawrence and Penlaw soils have fragipan. Conestoga soils have greater than 60 percent base saturation. Dunmore, Edom, Hagerstown, and Frederick soils have 35 percent or more clay in the particle-size control section. Edom soils have bedrock within 40 inches. Frankstown soils have base saturation of less than 35 percent. Murrill soils formed in colluvial materials derived from acid sandstones and shales and the underlying limestone residuum, on lower backslopes, footslopes, fans and benches, They do not have fragipan. Ryder series formed in residuum weathered from thin bedded shaly limestone.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained with low to medium runoff and moderately high saturated hydraulic conductivity.
USE AND VEGETATION: About 90 percent cultivated to general farm crops. A small acreage is in woodlots of mixed oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The series is extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reconnaissance Survey of Southeastern Pennsylvania, 1910.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of
10 inches (Ap horizon).
2. Argillic horizon - the zone from 10 to 53 inches (Bt horizon).
2007 Pedon description updated. Prior rev. GDM-EAW 6/2001
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory data shows this soil to be borderline to fine-silty and fine.