LOCATION KLINGER                 IA+MN

Established Series
Rev. FFR-LDC-TWN
09/2016

KLINGER SERIES

The Klinger series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in 50 to 102 centimeters of loess and the underlying glacial till. These soils are on interfluves and long side slopes on dissected till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 8 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is about 895 millimeters.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Klinger silty clay loam, on a slope of 1 1/2 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A--20 to 36 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 30 to 50 centimeters).

AB--36 to 48 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 20 centimeters thick)

Bg1--48 to 74 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) silty clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 41 centimeters thick)

2Bg2--74 to 114 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses; common medium prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2Bg3--114 to 150 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses; common medium prominent gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bg horizon is 20 to 82 centimeters thick.)

2BC1--150 to 183 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.

2BC2--183 to 200 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron masses; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; slightly alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies; Bremer County, Iowa subset; about 3 miles south of Readlyn; located about 1,389 feet north and 333 feet west of the southeast corner of section 26, T. 91 N., R. 12 W.; USGS Readlyn topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 39 minutes 36.5 seconds N. and long. 92 degrees 13 minutes 14 seconds W., NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Mollic epipedon thickness--36 to 50 centimeters
Depth to glacial till--50 to 102 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--114 to more than 200 centimeters
Content of clay in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--24 to 35 percent
Content of sand in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--5 to 15 percent fine sand and sand coarser than fine sand
Special feature--some pedons have a stone line or thin layer, 2 to 13 centimeters thick of gravelly and sandy materials at the base of the loess

Ap or A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--24 to 35 percent
Sand content--5 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral (5.1 to 7.3)

AB or BA horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--24 to 35 percent
Sand content--5 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral (5.1 to 7.3)

Bg horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--silty clay loam or silt loam
Clay content--24 to 35 percent
Sand content--5 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid (5.1 to 6.5)

Some pedons have thin layers of sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loamy sand between the loess and glacial till

2Bg and 2BCg (if present) horizons:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loam or clay loam
Clay content--18 to 30 percent
Sand content--25 to 50 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 12 percent
Moist bulk density--1.75 to 1.9 g/cc
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly alkaline (5.1 to 7.8)

2BC or 2C horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loam
Clay content--18 to 27 percent
Sand content--35 to 50 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 12 percent
Moist bulk density--1.75 to 1.9 g/cc
Reaction--slightly acid to moderately alkaline (6.1 to 8.4)

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amana, Breeds, Grantcenter, Joy, Joyce, Kingston, Klingmore, Lakefield, Larpenteur, McCreath, Muscatine, Nerwoods, Okabena, Primghar, and Ransom series.
Amana--do not have rock fragments and have a moist bulk density of less than 1.75 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Breeds--have a paralithic contact in shale within a depth of 152 centimeters
Grantcenter--have carbonates within depths of 61 to 152 centimeters and have a moist bulk density of less than 1.75 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Joy--have a moist bulk density of less than 1.75 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Joyce--have a sand content of more than 70 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Kingston--have carbonates within a depth of 102 centimeters and have a sand content of less than 35 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Klingmore--have a sand content of 5 to 15 percent in the upper two thirds of the series control section
Lakefield--have carbonates within a depth of 25 centimeters and have a sand content of less than 15 percent fine sand and sand coarser than fine sand in the lower half of the series control section
Larpenteur--have carbonates within a depth of 25 centimeters and have a sand content of 15 to 55 percent fine sand and sand coarser than fine sand in the lower half of the series control section
McCreath--have a sand content of 5 to 15 percent in the upper two thirds of the series control section and have carbonates within depths of 61 to 127 centimeters
Muscatine--have a sand content of less than 5 percent and a moist bulk density of less than 1.75 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Nerwoods--have carbonates within depths of 102 to 203 centimeters and have a sand content of more than 15 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Okabena--have carbonates within a depth of 102 centimeters and have moist bulk density range of 1.35 to 1.6 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Primghar--have carbonates within depths of 61 to 127 centimeters and have a sand content of less than 15 percent fine sand and sand coarser than fine sand in the lower third of the series control section
Ransom--have carbonates within a depth of 102 centimeters

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 102 centimeters of loess and the underlying glacial till
Landform--interfluves and long side slopes on dissected till plains
Slope--0 to 5 percent
Elevation--200 to 400 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--7 to 10 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--800 to 960 millimeters
Frost-free period--145 to 170 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dinsdale, Franklin, and Maxfield soils.
Dinsdale--are at higher elevations on interfluves and side slopes and have a frequently saturated zone at a depth of 1 meter during the wettest periods of normal years
Franklin--are in landform positions similar to those of the Klinger soils and have an eluvial horizon
Maxfield--are at lower elevations in drainageways and are frequently saturated at the soil surface during the wettest portions of normal years

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs at a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest periods of normal years and both perched and apparent saturation can occur on this soil based on the season and intensity of rainfall during a given period of time
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.00 to 10.00 micrometers per second (moderately high) in the loess and 0.01 to 1.00 micrometers per second (low or moderately low) in the glacial till
Surface runoff potential--negligible to low

USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hay. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Western lake section, Dissected till plains, Till plains
MLRAs--Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104), and
Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108)
LRR M; eastern and northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota
Extent--large

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bremer County, Iowa, 1965

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (A, AB, Bg1, and 2Bg2 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 200 centimeters (Ap, A, AB, Bg1, 2Bg2, 2Bg3, 2BC1 and 2BC2 horizons).

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 48 centimeters (Ap, A, and AB horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 48 to 200 centimeters (Bg1, 2Bg2, 2Bg3, 2BC1 and 2BC2 horizons);
udic moisture regime.

Most pedons do not meet the requirements of an argillic horizon (1.2 times clay increase within 30 centimeters.

Some pedons have vertical seams or wedges of sand or loamy sand about 5 to 15 centimeters wide and about 0.9 to 1.2 meters deep extending downward from the stone line into the glacial till.

Cation-exchange activity class is supported by laboratory data (KSSL).

Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, twelfth edition, 2014

The type location was moved within the same mapunit because the original site has been disturbed.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--Data for the typical pedon is available in Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 3, Soil Survey Laboratory Data and Descriptions for some Soils of Iowa.
Laboratory data--Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska-pedons 60IA017005, 60IA017006 and S92MN131007.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.