LOCATION PADDOCK                 MN

Established Series
Rev. CTS-MAA-JJB
07/2013

PADDOCK SERIES

The Paddock series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy lodgment till of the Wadena Lobe of the Late Wisconsin glaciation. These soils are on linear or concave footslopes on drumlins. These soils are deep to a densic contact. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 720 millimeters. Mean annual temperature is about 6 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Glossudalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Paddock sandy loam, on a slightly concave slope of 1 percent, on the foot slope of a drumlin, at an elevation of about 443 meters, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; about 2 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 5.8 (moderately acid); abrupt smooth boundary.

E/B--20 to 38 centimeters; about 80 percent brown (10YR 5/3) and about 20 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent medium faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions and 5 percent medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron-manganese masses; about 2 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 5.8 (moderately acid); clear smooth boundary.

Btg--38 to 53 centimeters; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; 35 percent faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese masses; 2 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 5.5 (strongly acid); clear smooth boundary.

Bt1--53 to 71 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; 5 percent distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent medium faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions and 5 percent medium prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) iron-manganese masses; about 2 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 5.4 (strongly acid); clear smooth boundary

Bt2--71 to 91 centimeters; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; 5 percent distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films in root channels and/or pores; 5 percent coarse distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions and 5 percent medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) iron-manganese masses; about 3 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 5.8 (moderately acid); clear wavy boundary.

Bt3--91 to 102 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; 11 percent prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films in root channels and/or pores; about 3 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; pH 6.2 (slightly acid); clear wavy boundary.

Cd1--102 to 117 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) sandy loam; moderate fine platy structure; very firm; about 3 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; slightly effervescent; pH 7.8 (slightly alkaline); gradual wavy boundary.

Cd2--117 to 200 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) sandy loam; moderate fine platy structure; very firm; about 3 percent 2- to 75-millimeter rock fragments; strongly effervescent; pH 8.2 (moderately alkaline).

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) - Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57); Otter Tail County, Minnesota subset; located about 175 feet west and 2,125 feet south of the northeast corner of section 28, T. 137 N., R. 36 W.; USGS Sebeka Nw, Minnesota topographic quadrangle; lat. 46 degrees 39 minutes 10.3 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 13 minutes 35.5 seconds W., WGS84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates--100 to 150 centimeters or deeper
Depth to densic contact--50 to 150 centimeters or deeper
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--8 to 18 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--50 to 75 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 15 percent by volume throughout, mixed lithology and size
Base saturation (by sum of cations)--greater than 60 percent in all parts of the argillic horizon
Some phases have .01 to 3 percent of the surface covered with cobbles or stones

Ap and A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture-- sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
Reaction--pH 5.1 to 7.3
Thickness--13 to 23 centimeters

E horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--1 to 3
Textures--sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction--pH 5.1 to 7.3
Thickness--0 to 30 centimeters

Most pedons have an EB, E/B, B/E, or BE transitional horizon with properties of both the E and Bt horizons ranging from 15 to 40 centimeters thick. The E part of the horizon ranges from 15 to 85 percent of the total volume.

Bt or Btg horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma-2 to 4
Texture--sandy loam, some pedons have subhorizons of sandy clay loam
Reaction--pH 5.1 to 7.3
Thickness--35 to 100 centimeters

Some pedons have a BC horizon

Cd horizon:
Cd horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture--sandy loam, some pedons have subhorizons of loamy sand
some pedons have subhorizons with more than 15 percent rock fragments
Clay content--7 to 15 percent
Sand content--40 to 75 percent
Reaction--pH 5.1 to 8.4, an acid substratum phase is recognized in some pedons
Moist bulk density--1.8 to 2.0 gm/cc (considered to be a densic contact)

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Brennyville, Fallcreek, Glendenning, Hatley, Magnor, Magroc, Maincreek, Mora, Oesterle, Plover, Rosy, and Stinnett series.
Brennyville--have matrix hues of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR in the lower third of the series control section
Fallcreek--do not have a densic contact within the series control section
Glendenning--do not have a densic contact within depths of 150 to 200 centimetersthe series control sectionmatrix hues of 5YR or 7.5YR in the lower third of the series control sectionHatley--do not have a densic contact within the series control section
Magnor--have matrix hues of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR in the lower third of the series control section
Magroc--have a lithic contact within depths of 100 to 150 centimeters
Maincreek--have a sand content of more than 85 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Mora--have matrix hues redder than 10YR in the lower part of the series control section
Oesterle--do not have a densic contact within the series control section
Plover--do not have a densic contact within the series control section
Rosy--do not have a densic contact within the series control section
Stinnett--have a clay content that averages less than 7 percent lower third of the series control section

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--loamy lodgment till of the Wadena Lobe of the Late Wisconsinan glaciation
Landform--linear or concave footslopes of drumlins
Slope--0 to 3 percent
Elevation--180 to 620 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--3 to 9 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--600 to 840 millimeters
Frost-free period--110 to 170 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are Becida, Blowers, Rockwood, and Runeberg soils.
Becida--are on lower landscape positions in swales and have a frequently saturated zone between depths of 0.25 and 0.5 meters during April to June in normal years
Blowers--are on higher landscape positions on slightly concave to slightly convex slopes and have a frequently saturated zone between depths of 0.5 and 1.0 meters during April to June in normal years
Rockwood--are on higher landscape positions on convex slopes and do not have a frequently saturated zone above 1 meter during April to June in normal years
Runeberg--are on lower landscape positions on concave slopes and have a frequently saturated zone at or near the surface to a depth of 0.5 meters during April to June in normal years

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs between depths of 0.25 and 1.0 meters during April to June in normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--4.2 to 42.3 micrometers per second (moderately high to high) in the upper part and less than .42 micrometers per second (moderately low to very low) in the lower part

USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are forested. Some areas are cultivated. The principal crops are small grain and forage plants for pasture or hay. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous-coniferous forest. Common tree species are American elm, ash, maple, balsam fir, and white spruce.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic section--Western Lake section
MLRAs--Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57) and Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91A)
LRR--Northern Lake States Forest and Forage Region (K); central Minnesota
Extent-moderate

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Todd County, Minnesota, 1985.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 33 to 83 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 152 centimeters.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 20 centimeters (Ap);
glossic horizon--the zone from 20 to 38 centimeters; (E/B horizon);
argillic horizon--the zone from 20 to 102 centimeters (Bt horizon);
densic contact--the zone starting at 102 centimeters;
base saturation--greater than 60 percent;
aquic conditions within the upper 25 centimeters of the argillic horizon;
redoximorphic features between depths of 20 and 91 centimeters.

This soil was previously classified in the Udollic Ochraqualfs. The Udollic Epiaqualfs subgroups and was considered poorly, very poorly and somewhat poorly drained. The Becida series was developed in 1996 to represent the poorly drained concept of these soils.

The upper part of the profile appears to have been modified and stone lines have been identified in the field.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Pedon 87MN111043 is the type location.
Laboratory data--KSSL pedon 81MN153004 was sampled as a poorly drained Paddock and has been correlated to Becida series.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.