LOCATION TOTO IN

Established Series
Rev. JRB-JWH-RAB
09/2012

TOTO SERIES

The Toto series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in herbaceous organic material over coprogenous material (sedimentary peat), marly material, and sand deposits on outwash plains, lake plains terraces, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm (35 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coprogenous, euic, mesic Limnic Haplosaprists

TYPICAL PEDON: Toto muck, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field at an elevation of 216 meters (709 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Oap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); 26 percent fiber, 4 percent rubbed; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many very fine roots; mostly herbaceous fiber; 11 percent mineral content; neutral [pH 6.8 in 0.01M calcium chloride]; abrupt smooth boundary.

Oa1--23 to 46 cm (9 to 18 inches); black (N 2.5/) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); 18 percent fiber, 3 percent rubbed; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots; mostly herbaceous fiber; 9 percent mineral content; neutral [pH 6.8 in 0.01M calcium chloride]; abrupt wavy boundary.

Oa2--46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) broken face and rubbed muck (sapric material); 26 percent fiber, 6 percent rubbed; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; mostly herbaceous fiber; 5 percent mineral content; neutral [pH 6.8 in 0.01M calcium chloride]; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Oa horizon is 41 to 89 cm (16 to 35 inches).]

Lco--61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches); very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) coprogenous silt loam; moderate medium platy structure; friable; many fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; sodium pyrophosphate extract color is very pale brown (10YR 8/2); neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. [10 to 76 cm (4 to 30 inches) thick]

Lma--76 to 96 cm (30 to 38 inches); gray (5Y 6/1) marly silt loam; massive; very friable; many fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common coarse faint gray (N 5/) iron depletions in the matrix; many partially decomposed plant fibers; common light gray (10YR 7/1) shell fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. [10 to 76 cm (4 to 30 inches) thick]

2Cg--96 to 122 cm (38 to 48 inches); dark gray (10YR 4/1) sand; single grain; loose; common fine distinct brown (10YR 5/3), many fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and common fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 58 cm (23 inches) thick]

2C--122 to 203 cm (48 to 80 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Starke County, Indiana; about 2 miles south and 1/2 mile west of Knox; 580 feet west and 800 feet south of the center of sec. 34, T. 33 N., R. 2 W.; USGS Knox West, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 15 minutes 50.32 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 37 minutes 56.53 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 530792 easting and 4568132 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the sandy material: 76 to 183 cm (30 to 72 inches)
Some layers contain woody fragments 2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) in diameter

Oap or Oa horizon:
Hue: 10YR or N
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 0 to 2
Texture: primarily muck (sapric material); thin layers of mucky peat (hemic material) with a combined thickness of less than 15 cm (6 inches) are in some pedons
Mineral content: less than 25 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in 0.01M calcium chloride

Lco horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: coprogenous silt loam or coprogenous silty clay loam
Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline

Lma horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: marly silt loam or marly silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline

2C or 2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: sand
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Maxinkuckee, Moston, Muskego, and Wawayanda series. These soils do not have a layer of marly material below the coprogenous material.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toto soils are on broad low-lying areas and in depressional areas on outwash plains, lake plains, terraces, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Toto soils formed in herbaceous organic material over coprogenous material (sedimentary peat), marly material, and sand. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1067 mm (30 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.9 to 11.7 degrees C (48 to 53 degrees F). Frost-free period is 130 to 170 days. Elevation is 177 to 311 meters (580 to 1,020 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adrian, Edwards, Gilford, Houghton, Maumee, Morocco, and Watseka soils. The very poorly drained Adrian, Edwards, and Houghton soils are on similar landform positions and lack coprogenous material. Houghton soils also have more than 30 cm (51 inches) of organic material. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford and Maumee soils are on slightly higher areas, and the entire series control section consists of mineral materials. The somewhat poorly drained Morocco and Watseka soils are on higher ridges and knolls, and the entire series control section consists of mineral materials.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Very poorly drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the herbaceous muck, moderately low in the coprogenous material and marly material, and high or very high in the underlying sand. Permeability is moderately slow to moderately rapid in the herbaceous muck, slow in the coprogenous material and marly material, and rapid in the underlying sand.

USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly drained and cultivated. Corn and mint are the principal crops, but some vegetable truck crops are also grown. Native vegetation is water-tolerant trees, grasses, sedges, reeds, and shrubs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98, 110, and 111C in northern Indiana. The series is of small extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Starke County, Indiana, 1980.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Muck (sapric material) dominates from the surface to a depth of 61 cm (24 inches) (Oap, Oa1, Oa2).
Coprogenous material at a depth of 61 to 76 cm (24 to 30 inches) (Lco).
Marly material at a depth of 76 to 96 cm (30 to 38 inches) (Lma).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present in all horizons between 61 to 122 cm (24 and 48 inches).

NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155005 represents the typical pedon.
NASIS Data Mapunit ID 155006 represents the undrained phase.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Transect data for the typical pedon (T99IN-149-001) is on file in the MLRA project office in Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 100 percent Toto and similar soils.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.