LOCATION VALHALLA NCEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Valhalla fine sand--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
E--10 to 21 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; many fine dark opaque minerals; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (8 to 30 inches thick)
Bt1--21 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; sand grains are bridged and coated with clay; many fine dark opaque minerals; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (7 to 25 inches thick)
Bt2--30 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loamy fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine dark opaque minerals; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (4 to 12 inches thick)
2Eb1--40 to 50 inches; yellow (10YR 7/8) fine sand; single grained; loose; many fine dark opaque minerals; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
2Eb2--50 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) fine sand; common medium faint yellow (10YR 7/6) mottles; single grained; loose; many fine dark opaque minerals; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
2Bhb--60 to 70 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand; single grained; loose; sand grains coated with organic matter; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 12 inches thick)
2E'b--70 to 75 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) fine sand; single grained; loose; many fine dark opaque minerals; very strongly acid. (0 to 15 inches thick)
2B'hb--75 to 99 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sand; single grained; loose; sand grains coated with organic matter; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Chowan County, North Carolina; approximately 150 feet west of intersection of North Carolina Highway 32 and State Road 1303 in a cultivated field.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Valhalla soils have loamy and sandy horizons that exceed 80 inches thick. Reaction ranges from extremely to medium acid except for surface layers that have been limed.
The Ap or A1 horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. The E horizon has hue of 10YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. The A and E horizons are fine sand, sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. The Bt horizon is typically fine sandy loam or sandy loam; however, some pedons have a thin layer of sandy clay loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. The 2Eb and 2E'b horizons, where present, have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sand or fine sand.
The 2Bhb horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is sand or fine sand.
COMPETING SERIES: These are Baymeade, Blaney, Chipola, Coosaw, Garcon, Gomery, Kenansville, Tenaha, Tomahawk, and Uchee series in the same family. Other less competing series are Autryville, Cainhoy, Centenary, Chislom, and Conetoe. Autryville soils are Paleudults and lack 2Bhb horizons. Baymeade soils contain irregular intermittent Bh bodies over Bt horizons. Baymeade, Chipola, Garcon, Kenansville, and Uchee soils lack underlying Bh horizons. Also Garcon soils are dominantly gray in the lower Bt horizon. Blaney soils have slightly cemented, brittle B horizons. Cainhoy and Centenary soils are Spodosols. Conetoe, Chislom, and Coosaw soils have mixed mineralogy. Gomery soils have gray mottles in the argillic horizon and do not have buried spodic horizons. Tenaha soils have more clayey Bt horizons and are underlain with sandstone bedrock at depths of 35 to 60 inches. Tomahawk soils are somewhat poorly drained or moderately well drained.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Valhalla soils are on stream terraces and marine terraces of the Coastal Plain. Where mapped in Chowan and Perquimans Counties, North Carolina, they are limited to elevations above 25 feet. Near the type location mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Cainhoy, Centenary, and Tomahawk series, these are Echaw and Leon series. Echaw and Leon soils are Spodosols and lack argillic horizons.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; slow runoff; moderately rapid permeability. Depth to apparent water table is below 4 feet.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely cleared and used for peanuts, cantaloupes, watermelons, corn, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of North Carolina and possibly Virginia and South Carolina. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Chowan County, North Carolina; 1982.
REMARKS: In the past Valhalla soils have been included with Conetoe soils. The sandy loam Bt horizon is more significant than the darker colored (2Bhb) sandy horizon beneath it.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Argillic horizon - the zone from 21 to 40 inches.
Spodic horizons - the zones from 60 to 70 inches and from 75 to 90 inches.
The lower sequum (40 to 99 inches) is believed to be a buried soil; therefore, the classification of this soil is based on the upper sequum.
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC0149 VALHALLA 0- 6 60- 70 210-280 45- 55 10- 100SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NC0149 NONE 4.0-4.0 APPARENT NOV-MAR 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0149 0-21 LFS LS 0- 0 100-100 2- 8 1- 3 NC0149 0-21 FS S 0- 0 95-100 2- 8 1- 3 NC0149 21-30 FSL SL SCL 0- 0 95-100 10-20 2- 4 NC0149 30-99 FS S 0- 0 95-100 2- 8 0- 2
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC0149 0-21 3.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0149 0-21 3.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0149 21-30 3.5- 6.0 0.-.5 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0149 30-99 3.5- 6.0 0.-.5 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW