LOCATION BENTLEY VAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Bentley loamy sand (in an area of Bentley loamy sand, 2 to 8 percent slopes) in cropland. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap--0 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3), dry; weak fine granular structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine and medium roots; 2 percent rounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartzite fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 19 inches)
BA--17 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots; 3 percent rounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartzite fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
Bt1--23 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few very fine roots; few fine interstitial and tubular pores; few distinct clay films on all faces of peds and along old root channels; 2 percent rounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartzite fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--35 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay; weak medium platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine interstitial and tubular pores; few faint clay films on all faces of peds; 10 percent medium and coarse distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions with clear boundaries and 10 percent medium and coarse prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries; 2 percent rounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartzite fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 20 to 50 inches.)
BCt--48 to 61 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8), 35 percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 25 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy clay; weak platy structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few faint clay films on all faces of peds; 10 percent medium prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions with sharp boundaries; 5 percent rounded 2 to 75-millimeter quartzite fragments; iron depletions are relic redoximorphic features; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
C--61 to 80 inches; 40 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), 35 percent light gray (10YR 7/2), and 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) sandy clay; massive; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; areas with gray color are relict redoximorphic features; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Halifax County, Virginia; about 1.5 miles south on Secondary Road 659 from the intersection of Secondary Road 682 and 659, 750 feet north of a radio tower, in a crop field: USGS Unknown, VA topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 42 minutes 18 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 57 minutes 10 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 5 to 20 inches
Depth to bottom of Argillic horizon: 30 to 65 inches or more
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to top of Seasonal High Water Table: 30 to 40 inches, December to March
Depth to base of Seasonal High Water Table: 40 to 60 inches, December to March
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: Greater than 60 inches to residual material
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 35 percent through the soil; mostly rounded quartzite gravel or less commonly cobbles
Mica Content: 0 to 20 percent mica flakes throughout
Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid,
unless limed
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
A or Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 7, chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam
E horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 to 6, chroma of 2 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam
BA horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 to 8, chroma of 2 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy sand, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam
Bt horizon (upper part):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 8, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, or clay
Bt horizon (lower part):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 8, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, or clay
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are relict features.
Btg horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 8, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, or clay
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are relict features.
BCt or BC horizon:
Color--hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, or clay
Redoximorphic features (relict)--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are contemporary features.
BCg horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, sandy clay, or clay
Redoximorphic features (relict)--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are contemporary features.
C horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--stratified gravelly sand to clay
Redoximorphic features (relict)--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are contemporary features.
Cg horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--stratified gravelly sand to clay
Redoximorphic features (relict)--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized in shades of red, brown, or yellow. In some pedons these colors are contemporary features.
2C horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--stratified gravelly sand to clay
Redoximorphic features (relict)--iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, and gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red, brown, or yellow.
COMPETING SERIES:
Appomattox soils--have a redder hue
Cliquot soils--are 40 to 60 inches to paralithic contact and are underlain by residual materials weathered from sandstone, shale, and cherty conglomerate
Waynesville soils--mapped in MLRA 130 (no Official Series Description available for review)
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Low hill, divide
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, head slope, nose slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope
Parent Material: Capping from mixed crystalline rock colluvium and old alluvium over residuum
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
Elevation (type location): 400 to 100 feet
Frost Free Period (type location): 160 to 205 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 52 to 57 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 40 to 55 inches
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Nathalie soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from felsic crystalline rock; on higher landforms
Clifford soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from mixed metamorphic rocks; on higher landforms
Clover soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from Triassic age materials; on higher landforms
Fairview soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from mixed metamorphic rocks; on higher landforms
Minneville soils--are well drained, have moderate or moderately slow permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from mixed metamorphic rocks; on higher landforms
Toast soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed in residuum weathered from mixed metamorphic rocks; on higher landforms
Wintergreen soils--are well drained, have moderate permeability, and formed mainly in colluvium derived dominantly from a mixture of crystalline rocks; on higher landforms
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Depth Class: Very deep (greater than 60 inches) to bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep (20 to 40 inches),common (present 3 to 6 months), and thin (12 to 40 inches thick)
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderately slow
Shrink-Swell Potential: Moderate
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Cultivated crops
Dominant vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, corn and soybeans (principal row crops) and barley, oats, and wheat (principal small grains). Where wooded-mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia
Extent: Moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Halifax County, Virginia, 2003.
REMARKS: Bentley soils were formerly mapped with the Mattaponi series. The 04/97 relocation of the mesic/thermic soil temperature regime line necessitated the creation of soils that are mesic counterparts within MLRA 136. These soils are affected by periodic episaturation (seasonally perched water table) at a depth of 2.5 to 3.5 feet below the soil surface. Redoximorphic characteristics and associated aquic conditions are typically too deep for these soils to classify in an "Aquic" subgroup. It is not uncommon for Bentley soils to include areas of a similar soil that has a pale clay curve.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 and 23 inches (Ap and BA horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 23 and 61 inches (Bt and BCt horizon)
Aquic conditions--periodic saturation and reduction within 30 to 42 inches of the soil surface, and one or more unsaturated layers within 80 inches of the surface, occurring below the periodically saturated zone (episaturation)
Other soil features identified with this pedon:
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 61 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data from 3 pedons in Halifax County Virginia is available from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Lab #98-41 (5-10); #98-41 (11-16); and #98-41 (17-20)).
Database Information: Typical Pedon Data Mapunit ID--104341
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation
BENTLEY 0-25 52-57 170-205 40-55 400-1000
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness
NONE 2.5-3.3 PERCHED DEC-MAR >60 -
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC-
0-17 SL FSL LS 0-0 85-100 5-18 4-10
0-17 L 0-0 85-100 10-27 8-15
0-17 CL SCL 0-0 75-100 20-40 10-20
17-61 CL SC C 0-0 75-100 35-65 10-20
61-80 VAR - - - -
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll
0-17 4.5-5.5 0.5-2.0 0-0 0.6-6.0 LOW
0-17 4.5-5.5 0.5-2.0 0-0 0.6-6.0 LOW
0-17 4.5-5.5 0.5-2.0 0-0 0.2-2.0 MODERATE
17-61 4.5-5.5 0.01-0.5 0-0 0.2-0.6 MODERATE
61-80 - - - 0.01-20 LOW