LOCATION MILLSTONE INEstablished Series
The Millstone series consists of very deep, well drained soils on stream terraces and flood-plain steps. They formed in loamy alluvium. Slopes range from 0 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1092 mm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Millstone loam on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 125 meters (410 feet) above MSL. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 30 cm (0 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; common fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches) thick]
Bt1--30 to 46 cm (12 to 18 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent fine gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--46 to 69 cm (18 to 27 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3--69 to 109 cm (27 to 43 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt4--109 to 132 cm (43 to 52 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt5--132 to 150 cm (52 to 59 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt6--150 to 165 cm (59 to 65 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common prominent light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) skeletans on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt7--165 to 188 cm (65 to 74 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) very fine sandy loam; few fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; very fine sand fillings in vertical cracks; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt8--188 to 203 cm (74 to 80 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; few fine irregular black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; common fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions in the matrix; very strongly acid. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 137 to more than 203 cm (54 to more than 80 inches).]
TYPE LOCATION: Perry County, Indiana. 900 feet south and 760 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 5, T. 8 S., R. 2 W., USGS Cloverport, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 37 degrees 50 minutes 59.1 seconds N and long. 86 degrees 38 minutes 41.9 seconds W., UTM Zone 16, 531234 easting and 4189207 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 152 to more than 203 cm (60 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to the base of soil development: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 26 percent clay and 30 to 40 percent sand
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or silt loam
Clay content: 12 to 26 percent
Sand content: 10 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon (5 to 13 cm or 2 to 5 inches thick), where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam or silt loam
Clay content: 12 to 20 percent
Sand content: 10 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
Bt horizon and BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: commonly loam, and less commonly clay loam, fine sandy loam and sandy loam above a depth of 102 cm (40 inches); below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches), loam, fine sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam, and includes gravelly analogues of loam and sandy loam
Clay content: 18 to 28 percent in the upper part and ranges to 10 percent in the lower part
Sand content: 35 to 65 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 12 percent above 102 cm (40 inches) and ranges to 34 percent below 102 cm (40 inches)
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Arcola, Bedington, Bucks, Collington, Edgemont, Edneytown, Freehold, Gilpin, Gladstone, Joanna, Leedsville, Penargyl, Pennval, Pigeonroost, Pineville, Quakertown, Rayne, Shelocta, Syenite and Wist series.
Arcola and Pigeonroost soils have a paralithic contact in the series control section. Bedington, Leedsville and Penargyl soils have hues of 5YR or redder either throughout or in some subhorizon of the argillic horizon. In addition, Penargyl soils formed in till over shale residuum. Bucks and Gilpin soils have lithic or paralithic contact in the series control section. Collington, Edgemont, Edneytown, Freehold, Joanna, Pineville, Shelocta and Wist soils have the depth to the base of the argillic horizon at less than 152 cm (60 inches). Gladstone, Pennval, Quakertown, Rayne and Syenite soils have a lithic contact in the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Millstone soils are on stream terraces and flood-plain steps of the Ohio River, and to a lesser extent other stream systems. Slopes range from 0 to 40 percent. They formed in loamy alluvium. The mean annual temperature is 11 to 14 degrees C (52 to 57 degrees F). The mean annual precipitation is 1016 to 1193 mm (40 to 47 inches). Frost-free days range from 170 to 200.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Elkinsville, Hatfield, Huntington, and Sciotoville soils. The well drained Elkinsville soils have more silt in the upper part of the series control section and are commonly on similar landform positions. The well drained Huntington soils have a dark surface layer and are on flood plains. The moderately well drained Sciotoville and the somewhat poorly drained Hatfield soils are on slightly lower lying treads of stream terraces and lower lying flood plain-steps.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/s). Permeability is moderate. The potential for surface water runoff is ranges from low to high. On flood-plain steps, this soil is subject to rare periods of flooding.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn and soybeans. A few areas are used for pasture or are in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South-central Indiana. This soil is of small extent and is in MLRA areas 114A, 120B, 120C, and 122. The type location is in MLRA 120B.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Perry County, Indiana, 1997. The series is named for a creek in Perry County.
REMARKS: Diagnostic surface and subsurface horizons recognized in this pedon are: 1) Ochric epipedon- the zone 0 to 30 cm (0 to 12 inches) (Ap horizon); 2) Argillic horizon- the zone 30 to 203 cm (12 to 80 inches) (Bt horizons).
This soil is included in mapping with the Wheeling soils in previous Indiana Soil Surveys. Millstone was established to correlate for Wheeling soils that have a slightly lower base status and were not considered a probable source of sand and gravel.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Data on pedon number S93-IN123-006 (typical pedon), and S91-IN123-102 is on file at the NSSC, Lincoln, NE.