LOCATION SILVERWOOD IN

Established Series
Rev. MLW-BC-TJE
11/2021

SILVERWOOD SERIES

The Silverwood series consists of very deep, well drained soils that are deep to calcareous, stratified sandy and gravelly outwash. The soils formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of silty material and in the underlying loamy and gravelly outwash. They are on stream terraces, kames, eskers, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Silverwood silt loam, on a planar, 1 percent slope in a hay field at an elevation of about 165 meters (540 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; many fine and medium roots throughout; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 inches) thick]

BE--20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots throughout; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 14 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches) thick]

2Bt1--36 to 51 cm (14 to 20 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots throughout; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; 29 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt2--51 to 64 cm (20 to 25 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds; 34 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3--64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; 54 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt4--102 to 124 cm (40 to 49 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/3) very gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; 58 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches).]

3C--124 to 203 cm (49 to 80 inches); brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 51 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Fountain County, Indiana; about 2 miles north and 1 mile west of Silverwood; 2,000 feet north and 2,500 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 22, T.18 N., R.9 W.; USGS Newport, Indiana topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 59 minutes 15.2 seconds N. and long. 87 degrees 25 minutes 21.2 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 463921 easting and 4426464 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the silty material: 0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: clay content averages between 18 and 35 percent, and content of fine sand or coarser averages between 15 and 45 percent

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral

A horizon where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4; pedons with moist value of 3 have dry value of 6 or more
Chroma: 2 or 3
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral

BE or E horizon where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam or loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral

Bt1 horizon where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral

2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, clay loam, clay, or sandy clay loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons are sandy loam in the lower part
Rock fragment content: 0 to 59 percent
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
Lower boundary: in some pedons, the lower boundary is quite irregular and tongues of the 2Bt horizon extend into the 3C horizon

3C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: typically stratified layers of sand or coarse sand, or the gravelly to extremely gravelly analogs of these textures; in some pedons it is sand
Rock fragment content: ranges from 0 to 70 percent, but averages between 20 and 50 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline; carbonates are present

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Conotton, Dorerton, Hawksbill, Leoni, Lutzke, and Oakhill series. Conotton soils average less than 18 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Dorerton soils has sandy-skeletal material from fragmented dolostone or limestone in the lower part of the series control section and dolostone or limestone bedrock underlies this material at depths of 114 to 190 cm (45 to 70 inches) or more. Hawksbill and Lutzke soils are less than 102 cm (40 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Leoni soil average more than 15 percent gravel in the surface horizons. Oakhill soils have a paralithic and lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches).

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Silverwood soils are on stream terraces, kames, eskers, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. The soils formed in as much as 51 cm (20 inches) of silty material and in the underlying loamy and gravelly outwash. They are deep to calcareous, stratified sandy and gravelly outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 914 to 1067 mm (36 to 42 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period ranges from 150 to 180 days. Elevation ranges from 152 to 213 meters (500 to 700 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adeland, Battleground, Cates, Genesee, Judyville, Loudonville, Miami, Mitiwanga, Ockley, Rainsville, Russell, and Stonelick soils. The somewhat poorly drained Adeland and Mitiwanga soils are on footslopes of structural benches. The well drained Battleground, Genesee, and Stonelick soils are on adjacent flood plains. The well drained Cates, Judyville, and Loudonville soils are moderately deep to bedrock. The well drained Ockley soils are on higher adjacent stream terraces and are deeper to very gravelly outwash. The moderately well drained Miami and Rainsville soils and the well drained Russell soils are on nearby moraines and are formed in till.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Depth to a seasonal high water table is greater than 183 cm (6 feet). The potential for surface runoff ranges from negligible to high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum and very high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the solum and very rapid in the underlying material.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the less sloping areas are used for cropland. Common crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland or woodland. Native vegetation is dominantly mixed hardwood forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West central Indiana; MLRA 111D. The series is of moderate extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fountain County, Indiana, 1999.

REMARKS: These soils were formerly mapped as Fox soils. Investigations indicate that there is a higher content of rock fragments in the control section and that the solum is dominantly 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) in thickness.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 36 to 124 cm (2Bt horizon).

The representative NASIS data mapunit for this pedon is DMU ID 153395 in MO 11.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab data is available for the typical pedon, S98IN-045-010, from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.