LOCATION CONOTTON OH IN PA WVEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Conotton gravelly loam, on a slope of less than 1 percent in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap-- 0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; 20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick.)
BE-- 9 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; 30 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
Bt1-- 12 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2-- 17 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt3-- 23 to 48 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; strongly acid in the upper part grading to slightly acid in the lower part; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 12 to 70 inches.)
BC-- 48 to 62 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint clay films as coatings on gravel; 45 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick.)
C-- 62 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loamy coarse sand; single grain; loose; few thin strata of finer and coarser textured material; 50 percent gravel; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Tuscarawas County, Ohio; Lawrence Township, about 1 1/4 miles west-southwest of Bolivar, about 5,570 feet west and 3,600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 2 (large sections) T. 10 N., R. 2 W.; USGS Bolivar, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 38 minutes, 40 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 28 minutes, 48 seconds W. NAD 1927.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon is 35 to greater than 80 inches. Thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to greater than 80 inches. Rock fragments are glacial erratics, predominantly of sandstone, siltstone and quartz. Rock fragments of shale and granitic lithology may also be present. Thin strata less than three inches thick that have more or less gravel are permitted throughout the profile. The subhorizons in the particle-size control section contain 6 to 22 percent clay and the particle size control section averages less than 18 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 (5 to 7 dry), and chroma of 2 or 3. Undisturbed pedons have A horizon 1 to 5 inches thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loam, silt loam, coarse sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
Some pedons have an E horizon 2 to 7 inches thick that has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is coarse sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 34 percent. It ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is coarse sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam in the fine earth fraction. Rock fragment content ranges from 10 to 40 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 7.5YR and less commonly 10YR or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or loam with subhorizons of sandy clay loam or clay loam in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, a waxy transitional subhorizon having value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 60 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the upper part and from strongly acid to neutral in the lower part.
The BC horizon has a color range like the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. In some pedons, waxy "beta" horizon having value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3 is just above the contact with the underlying C horizon. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR and less commonly 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sand, or coarse sand in the fine earth fraction. It is typically stratified. Rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 65 percent. Reaction ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline. Some pedons have carbonates, but have a low calcium carbonate equivalent.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dorerton, Hawksbill, Leoni, Lutzke, Oakhill, and Silverwood series. Dorerton soils have carbonates at 16 to 45 inches. Hawksbill soils have a solum less than 40 inches thick and developed in alluvium or colluvial material derived from greenstone, sandstone, and phyllite. Oakhill soils are less than 60 inches to a lithic contact. Leoni, Lutzke, and Silverwood soils average between 18 and 35 percent clay in the particle size control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Conotton soils formed in Wisconsinan age stratified sand and gravel and are on treads and risers on outwash plains and stream terraces, and on interfluves and side slopes on kames, eskers, and beach ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 32 to 42 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 48 to 54 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Berks, Canfield, Chagrin, Chili, Dekalb, Ellsworth, Gilpin, Halsey, Hazleton, Holly, Lobdell, Mahoning, Negley, Orrville, Oshtemo, Red Hook, Rittman, Swartswood, Tioga, Wadsworth, Westmoreland, Wheeling, and Wooster soils. Chili, Negley, Oshtemo, and Wheeling soils are on similar landscape positions and contain less gravel. Berks, Dekalb, Gilpin, Hazleton, and Westmoreland soils are on interfluves, head slopes, nose slopes, and side slopes on nearby unglaciated uplands. Canfield, Ellsworth, Mahoning, Rittman, Swartswood, Wadsworth, and Wooster soils are on interfluves and side slopes on nearby till plains. Chagrin, Holly, Lobdell, Orrville, and Tioga soils are on nearby flood plains. Halsey and Red Hook formed in glaciofluvial deposits on level or nearly level terraces.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Seasonal high water table is greater than 6 feet. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the mineral surface and high to very high in the subsoil and substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas with slopes of less than 12 percent are cleared and used for general farming, specialty crops, or pasture. Principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, and hay. Steeper areas are in pasture or in woodland. Native vegetation was deciduous hardwoods, primarily oaks and hickories.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Ohio, southwest Indiana, and western and east-central Pennsylvania. MLRA's 114, 115, 124, 126, 139, 140, and 147. Conotton soils are of moderate extent, about 44,000 acres.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1946.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1.Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of about 9 inches (Ap)
2.Argillic horizon - the zone from about 12 to 48 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons)
Acreage based on 2004 data.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to pedon TU-17 for characterization data on the typical pedon and LK-28; analysis by the Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio.