LOCATION WESTFIELD NCEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, mesic Typic Kanhapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Westfield gravelly sandy clay loam (in an area of Woolwine-Fairview-Westfield complex, 2 to 8 percent slopes, moderately eroded) on a 2 percent slope, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil, unless otherwise indicated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6), reddish yellow (5YR6/6), dry; gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; common fine tubular pores; few fine flakes of mica; 15 percent, by volume fine gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
BA--9 to 13 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine roots; common fine tubular pores; few fine flakes of mica; 10 percent, by volume fine gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. 0 to 10 inches thick)
Bt--13 to 28 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; common fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; 10 percent, by volume fine gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 35 inches thick)
BC--28 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few fine tubular pores; common fine flakes of mica; 10 percent, by volume fine gravel; 10 percent olive and brown schist parapebbles; contains pockets of clay loam; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
C--35 to 48 inches; variegated yellow, brown, and red gravelly loam saprolite; massive; friable, common fine flakes of mica; 20 percent, by volume fine gravel; 10 percent olive and brown schist paragravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Cr--48 to 60 inches; slightly weathered mica schist; weakly cemented; high excavation difficulty.
TYPE LOCATION: Surry County, North Carolina; about 4.5 miles northeast of Elkin, 1.0 mile northeast of the intersection of Secondary Roads 1302 and 1133 on Secondary Road 1302, 600 feet east of Secondary Road 1302, in a cultivated field; USGS Elkin NC topographic quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 19 minutes 28 seconds N. and long. 80 degrees 50 minutes 30 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 2 to 15 inches
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: 40 to 60 inches to soft bedrock and greater than 60 inches to hard bedrock
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 60 percent, by volume in the A and E horizons and 0 to 35 percent in the B horizon, and 0 to 65 percent in the C horizon; commonly gravel, cobbles, or stones, but may include channers or flagstones
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid, in the A horizon and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the B and C horizons, unless limed
Mica Content: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes in the A horizon and the upper part of the B horizon and 0 to 35 in the lower part of the B horizon and the C horizon
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
Ap horizon or A horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 3 to 6, chroma of 2 to 8. Eroded phases include hue of 2.5YR
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam. Eroded phases include sandy clay loam or clay loam.
E horizon (if it occurs):
Color--hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam
BA or BE horizon (if it occurs):
Color-hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)- loam, sandy clay loam or clay loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or 5, chroma of 4 to 8. Hue of 5YR more commonly occurs in the upper part of the horizon.
Non-redoximorphic mottles (if they occur)--shades of red, brown, and yellow
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay, clay loam, or sandy clay
BC or CB horizons (if they occur):
Color--hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 4 to 8
Non-redoximorphic mottles--shades of red, brown, and yellow
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
C horizon:
Color--hue of 10R to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, chroma of 4 to 8, or it is variegated in shades of red, brown, or yellow
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy clay loam, clay loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam saprolite
Cr horizon:
Bedrock kind--schist, gneiss, or phyllite
Bedrock hardness--extremely weakly cemented to moderately cemented
Fracture interval--greater than 4 inches
Excavation difficulty--low to high
COMPETING SERIES:
Clifford soils--are very deep and the clayey part of argillic horizon is 25 to 60 inches thick
Fairview soils--are very deep and the clayey part of argillic horizon is less than 25 thick
Hayesville soils--are very deep and are above 2000 feet elevation
Toast soils--are very deep and have a browner subsoil
Woolwine soils--are 20 to 40 inches to paralithic contact
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Hill, ridge
Geomorphic Component: Crest, side slope, nose slope, head slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope
Parent Material: Residuum from felsic or intermediate metamorphic or igneous rock; commonly schist, gneiss, or phyllite
Slope: 2 to 60 percent
Elevation: 300 to 1400 feet
Frost Free Period: 160 to 205 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 52 to 57 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Braddock soils--formed in old alluvium; on adjacent high terraces
Nathalie soils--have a browner subsoil; on similar landforms
Clifford soils--have a clayey argillic horizon that is 25 to 60 inches thick; on similar landforms
Elioak soils--formed in residuum from crystalline rocks high in mica; on similar landforms
Minnieville soils--formed in residuum from hornblende gneiss or hornblende schist; on similar landforms
Stott Knob soils--are 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and have less clay in the argillic horizon; on similar landforms
Toast soils--have a clayey Argillic horizon that is less than 25 inches thick and a browner subsoil; on similar landforms
Wintergreen soils--formed in old alluvium; on adjacent high terraces
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Depth Class: Deep (40 to 60 inches) to soft bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cultivated crops and limited pasture and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, tobacco, small grain, hay, and apples. Where forested--eastern white pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, red maple, yellow poplar, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: North Carolina and Virginia
Extent: Moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Surry County, North Carolina, 2003.
REMARKS: Westfield soils were previously mapped with the Pacolet and Bethlehem series. Pacolet soils are thermic and are very deep to bedrock. Bethlehem soils are thermic and are moderately deep to paralithic contact. The April 1997 relocation of the mesic/thermic line necessitated the establishment of the Fairview series (mesic counterpart to the Pacolet series), and the Woolwine series (mesic counterpart to the Bethlehem series).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 9 inches (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 13 to 28 inches (Bt horizon)
Kandic horizon--the zone from 13 to 35 inches (Bt and BC horizons)
Paralithic contact--bedrock contact at a depth of 48 inches (upper boundary of the Cr layer)
Paralithic materials--the zone from 48 to 60 inches (Cr horizon)
Other soil features identified with this pedon:
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 58 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory Data: No laboratory data available. Data from the nearby Fairview and Woolwine series sites, support the kandic diagnostic horizon and kaolinitic mineralogy. Data from a pedon in Patrick County, Virginia that meets the physical properties for this series had a CEC 7.0/clay ratio of 15.
Database Information:
Typical Pedon Data Mapunit ID--82681
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
Soi-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC0281 WESTFIELD 2-60 52-57 160-205 40-55 300-1400 NC0191 WESTFIELD 2-60 52-57 160-205 40-55 300-1400SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NONE >6.0 - - 40-60 SOFT
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0281 0- 9 SL L 0-5 80-100 7-20 2-7 NC0191 0- 9 GR-SL GRV-SL GR-SCL 0-20 35-76 7-35 2-10 NC0191 0- 9 CB-SL 15-30 45-80 7-20 2-7 NC0191 9-13 SCL GR-SCL 0-20 50-100 20-35 4-8 NC0191 13-35 C CL GR-C GR-CL 0-10 60-100 35-60 7-12 NC0191 35-48 GR-SCL L 0-20 30-85 20-35 4-8 NC0191 48-60 WB - - - -
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll 0-9 4.5-5.5 1.0-3.0 0-0 2.0-6.0 LOW 9-13 4.5-5.5 0.5-1.0 0-0 2.0-6.0 LOW 13-35 4.5-5.5 0.0-0.5 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 35-48 4.5-5.5 0.0-0.5 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 48-60 - - - - -