LOCATION WAWASEE IN
Established Series
Rev. JDL-TJE
11/2021
WAWASEE SERIES
The Wawasee series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in till on moraines and till plains. Slope ranges 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 940 mm (37 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Wawasee sandy loam, on a convex, 3 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 inches) thick]
E--18 to 23 cm (7 to 9 inches); pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam; weak medium platy structure parting to weak fine granular; very friable; common roots; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [0 to 10 cm (4 inches) thick]
BE--23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy loam; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 23 cm (9 inches) thick]
Bt1--38 to 61 cm (15 to 24 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common roots; thin continuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 2 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--61 to 81 cm (24 to 32 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; thin discontinuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and linings of pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt3--81 to 91 cm (32 to 36 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; thin discontinuous dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 76 cm (14 to 30 inches).]
C--91 to 152 cm (36 to 60 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam; massive; friable; 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Miami County, Indiana; 1/2 mile north of Macy; 130 feet south and 2,440 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 29 N., R. 3 E.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 71 to 102 cm (28 to 40 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 27 percent clay and 35 to 50 percent sand
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam except in severely eroded areas that range to sandy clay loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: slightly acid or neutral
E horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
BE horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent gravel
Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam or sandy clay loam but includes horizons of clay loam less than 15 cm (6 inches) thick with clay content of less than 29 percent in the lower part of the argillic horizon
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam or sandy loam
Rock fragment content: 2 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: neutral or slightly alkaline
C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 6
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam
Sand content: 35 to 55 percent
Rock fragment content: 5 to 14 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Amanda,
Belmont,
Belmore,
Caprell,
Chili,
Cliftycreek,
Conestoga,
Crouse,
Gallman,
Greybrook,
Hickory,
High Gap,
Hollinger,
Kanawha,
Kidder,
Kosciusko, LeRoy,
Lumberton,
Martinsville,
Military,
Mocksville,
Ockley,
Pignut,
Princeton,
Relay,
Richardville,
Riddles,
Senachwine,
Skelton,
Strawn,
Wawaka, and
Woodbine series. Amanda, Chili, Cliftycreek, Crouse, Gallman, Greybrook, Hickory, Kanawha, Martinsville, Ockley, Princeton, Richardville, Riddles, Skelton, and Wawaka soils have sola thicker than 102 cm (40 inches). Belmont, Lumberton, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Belmore soils average more than 15 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Caprell soils are not clearly differentiated from the Wawasee soils (see REMARKS). Conestoga, Hollinger, and Mocksville soils are in wetter climates with a mean annual precipitation greater than 1016 mm (40 inches). High Gap and Military soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Kidder and Kosciusko soils have more than 55 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. LeRoy and Pignut soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Relay soils have hue yellower than 10YR in the argillic horizon. Senachwine soils average more than 27 percent clay in the particle-size control section. Strawn soils have sola less than 71 cm (28 inches) thick.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wawasee soils are on moraines and till plains of Wisconsin age. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent and are plan or convex. Wawasee soils formed in till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 889 to 1016 mm (35 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 7.2 to 12.8 degrees C (45 to 55 degrees F.)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Aubbeenaubbee,
Barry,
Brookston,
Crosier, and
Metea soils. The somewhat poorly drained Aubbeenaubbee soils have grayer colors in the upper part of the solum and are in slight drainageways. The poorly drained Barry and Brookston soils have mollic epipedons and are in depressions. The somewhat poorly drained Crosier soils have grayer colors and are on less sloping areas below the Wawasee. The well drained Metea soils have arenic surfaces and are on slight knolls or ridges.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, hay or pasture are the principal crops. Native vegetation is beech, maple, and hickory forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 111C in northern Indiana. The series is of large extent.
SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Miami County, Indiana, 1977.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface of a depth of 38 cm (15 inches) (Ap, E, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons).
In the Caprell OSD, Caprell series are differentiated from the Wawasee series based on Wawasee soils having a bulk density of more than 1.70 g/cc in the lower part of the series control section. However, Wawasee soils actually have a bulk density range of less than 1.70 g/cc, not more than. All other properties overlap. During future MLRA update activities, series differentiae will need to be more clearly defined for these series. At present, Caprell series occurs in MLRA 95B and commonly (not required) have a loess cap and Wawasee series occurs in MLRAs 98 and 111C and do not have loess on the surface.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Purdue University Characterization data available No. FU7902
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.