LOCATION GALLMAN                 OH

Established Series
Rev. DRM-DNM-JAG
11/2021

GALLMAN SERIES

The Gallman series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high content of shale of fine gravel size. These soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 inches), and mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (52 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Gallman loam, on a 4 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 248 meters (813 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches) thick]

BE--20 to 28 cm (8 to 11 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; common faint pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 2 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (5 inches) thick]

Bt1--28 to 51 cm (11 to 20 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine roots; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; 3 percent fine gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2--51 to 76 cm (20 to 30 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay depletions on faces of peds; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 15 percent fine shale and crystalline gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt3--76 to 94 cm (30 to 37 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 8 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt4--94 to 132 cm (37 to 52 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm; few fine roots; many faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 15 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt5--132 to 168 cm (52 to 66 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam; massive; firm; common faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay bridging between sand grains and gravel; 25 percent fine gravel, mainly black shale; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt6--168 to 190 cm (66 to 75 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; thin lenses of silt loam; massive; friable; few faint clay bridging between sand grains; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 114 to 279 cm (45 to 110 inches).]

C--190 to 229 cm (75 to 90 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; single grain; loose; common coarse distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Mercer County, Ohio; 2 miles northwest of Rockford, in Dublin Township; Blackloon Reserve; 1372 feet west and 1425 feet north of the intersection of Blackloon Road and River Trail Road, T. 4 S., R. 2 E.; USGS Rockford, Ohio topographic quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 43 minutes 04 seconds N. and long. 84 degrees 40 minutes 07 seconds W., NAD 27.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the ochric epipedon: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches)
Thickness of the solum: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 140 to 305 cm (55 to 120 inches); up to 38 cm (15 inches) of the lower part of the solum contains carbonates in some pedons
Thickness of a silty mantle (more than 50 percent silt): 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 inches), where present in some pedons
Rock fragments: dominantly fine shale gravel with some limestone and crystalline erratics
Particle-size control section: averages 18 to 30 percent clay

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 (6 or 7 dry)
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

BE horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: loam, sandy loam, or silt loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral

Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR, and less commonly 5YR in some subhorizons
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4; chroma 2 occurs as "beta" material and is not indicative of wetness
Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, sandy loam, or coarse sandy loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; some pedons contain thin subhorizons of silt loam or loamy sand
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent in the upper part and 2 to 40 percent in the lower part
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral and commonly is slightly acid or neutral below a depth of 102 cm (40 inches)

BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: sandy loam, loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loamy sand or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures, or is stratified with these textures
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline

C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: dominantly sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures; thin strata of loam, silt loam, or gravelly loam are in some pedons
Clay content: averages 3 to 15 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

Loamy substratum phase:
Texture: dominantly loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam; strata of sandy loam, loamy sand, or the gravelly analogs of these textures are in some pedons
Clay content: 15 to 27 percent
Rock fragment content: 2 to 40 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

Till substratum phase:
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam
Clay content: 14 to 35 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 14 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Cliftycreek, Conestoga, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kanawha, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Lumberton, Martinsville, Military, Mocksville, Ockley, Pignut, Princeton, Relay, Richardville, Riddles, Senachwine, Skelton, Strawn, Wawaka, Wawasee, and Woodbine series. Amanda, Belmore, Caprell, Chili, Hollinger, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Pignut, Senachwine, Strawn, Wawaka, and Wawasee soils are less than 140 cm (55 inches) to the base of the argillic horizon. Belmont, High Gap, Lumberton, Military, and Woodbine soils have a lithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Cliftycreek soils have between 35 and 75 percent clay in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Conestoga, Crouse, Greybrook, Hickory, Martinsville, Ockley, and Richardville soils do not have rock fragments that are dominantly of shale lithology. Kanawha soils formed in alluvium from interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone on high bottoms and stream terraces. Mocksville soils are in a wetter climate with a mean annual precipitation of more than 1016 mm (40 inches). Princeton soils have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Relay soils have hue yellower than 10YR in the Bt horizon. Riddles soils have lamellae in the lower part of the series control section. Skelton soils are more acid than slightly acid in the lower part of the argillic horizon.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gallman soils are on outwash plains, outwash terraces, kames, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 18 percent. They formed in poorly sorted outwash with a high content of fine black shale rock fragments and minor amounts of igneous, metamorphic, and limestone rock fragments. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 1016 mm (30 to 40 inches). Mean annual air temperature ranges from 10 to 12 degrees C (50 to 54 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 170 days. Elevation is 244 to 274 meters (800 to 900 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cygnet, Houcktown, Millgrove, Rensselaer, Sleeth, Thackery, and Westland soils. The Cygnet and Houcktown soils are on the margins of areas of outwash and are underlain by till. Millgrove, Rensselaer, and Westland soils are very poorly drained and are in depressions. Sleeth soils are somewhat poorly drained, have grayer subsoils, and are on lower topographic positions. Thackery soils are moderately well drained and are on slightly lower topographic positions.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the solum and high or very high in the substratum. Permeability is moderately rapid in the solum and moderately rapid or rapid in the substratum.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay are the principal crops. Some areas are used for permanent pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is hardwood forest of oak, hickory, and maple.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and central Ohio; MLRA 111B. The series is of moderate extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Ohio, 1975.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 28 cm (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 28 to 190 cm (Bt horizon).

Loamy substratum and till substratum phases are presently recognized.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Supporting laboratory characterization data from The Ohio State University Soil Characterization Laboratory is available for pedon AG-6.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.