LOCATION APALONA INEstablished Series
The Apalona series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess and the underlying residuum from shale interbedded with sandstone and siltstone. They are moderately deep or shallow to a fragipan. These soils are on benches of hills. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 109 cm (43 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Apalona silt loam on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 195 meters (640 feet) above MSL. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 cm (0 to 8 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (8 to 25 cm or 3 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--20 to 41 cm (8 to 16 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--41 to 56 cm (16 to 22 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 91 cm or 10 to 36 inches.)
Bt/E--56 to 64 cm (22 to 25 inches); 75 percent brown (7.5YR 4/4) (Bt), and 25 percent light gray (10YR 7/2) (E) silt loam; weak fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; firm; common fine roots; few fine tubular pores; many faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 13 cm or 2 to 5 inches thick)
Btx1--64 to 89 cm (25 to 35 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; few fine roots between peds; few fine tubular pores; common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; few prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; few fine faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 62 percent brittle; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Btx2--89 to 124 cm (35 to 49 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very firm; few distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and few distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay depletions on vertical faces of peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine spherical black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; 1 percent sandstone channers; 68 percnt brittle; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Btx horizons is 51 to 102 cm or 20 to 40 inches.)
2Bt1--124 to 152 cm (49 to 60 inches); brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; many prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common medium prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; many fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; few fine spherical black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions; 5 percent sandstone channers; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2Bt2--152 to 175 cm (60 to 69 inches); brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay loam; strong coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; many prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; many coarse prominent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions in the matrix; few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 1 percent sandstone channers; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizons is 38 to 89 cm or 15 to 35 inches.)
3BCt--175 to 229 cm (69 to 90 inches); 60 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and 40 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; very few prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds; 5 percent sandstone channers; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 64 cm or 0 to 25 inches)
4Cr--229 to 244 cm (90 to 96 inches); weakly cemented shale interbedded with moderately and strongly cemented sandstone.
TYPE LOCATION: Perry County, Indiana; 320 meters (1,050 feet) west and 442 meters (1,450 feet) north of the southeast corner of sec. 30, T. 4 S., R. 2 W. USGS Bristow, IN topographic quadrangle: lat. 38 degrees 08 minutes 05.2 seconds N. and long. 086 degrees 39 minutes 47 seconds W., UTM Zone 16, 529528 easting and 4220822 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 152 to more than 203 cm (60 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to a paralithic contact: more than 183 cm (72 inches)
Depth to fragipan: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches), except severely eroded pedons range from 38 to 91 cm (15 to 24 inches)
Rock fragments are dominantly very strongly cemented to indurated sandstone and siltstone channers.
Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Reaction: very strongly acid to neutral
A horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 2 to 4
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
Bt or Bt/E horizons:
Bt part:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
E part:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Sand content: 2 to 10 percent
Reaction: strongly acid or very strongly acid in non-limed areas, and the upper part ranges to slightly acid in limed areas
Btx horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6, and has iron depletions
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam or loam
Clay content: 16 to 30 percent
Sand content: 10 to 35 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent
2Bt or 2BC horizons:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 8 with redoximorphic features
Texture: commonly clay, silty clay or clay loam, and less commonly channery or very channery clay loam, parachannnery to extremely parachannery analogues of silty clay or clay
Clay content: 35 to 65 percent
Sand content: 5 to 40 percent
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
Rock fragment content: range from 0 to 50 percent in individual layers, but average 0 to 25 percent
Pararock fragment content: 0 to 75 percent in individual layers, but average 0 to 34 percent
3Bt or 3BC horizons:
Hue: 7.5YR to 5Y
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 to 8 with redoximorphic features
Textures: commonly sandy clay loam, sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, loam and less commonly the channery or very channery analogues of these textures
Clay content: 15 to 35 percent
Sand content: 5 to 65 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid
Rock fragment content: 0 to 50 percent in individual layers, but average 0 to 34 percent
4 Cr horizon:
Weakly cemented or moderately cemented shale interbedded with strongly cemented to indurated sandstone and siltstone.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ava, Bedford, Cincinnati, Fountainville, Grantsburg, Hildebrecht, Hosmer, Lawrenceville, Nicholson, Omulga, Otwell, Otwood, Solsberry, Weisburg and Zanesville series. Ava, Cincinnati, Fountainville, Grantsburg, Hosmer, Lawrenceville, Otwood and Otwell soils average less than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section (Bt or BC horizons). Bedford and Hildebrecht soils have dominant hue of 5YR or 2.5YR in the lower part of the argillic horizon. Nicholson and Weisburg soils have a subhorizon above a depth of 152 cm (60 inches) that averages more than 40 percent clay. Solsberry soils have rock fragments in the 2Btx horizon that are dominantly of igneous lithology. Zanesville soils average less than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section and have a lithic contact.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Apalona soils are on summits and shoulders of benches and hills underlain with shale interbedded with sandstone and siltstone. They formed in 76 to 122 cm (30 to 48 inches) of silty loess and the underlying clayey and loamy residuum. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual temperature ranges from 11 to 14 degrees C (52 to 57 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation ranges from 102 to 119 cm (40 to 46 47 inches). Frost-free days range from 170 to 200.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Adyeville, Deuchars, Ebal, Kitterman, Tipsaw, Wellston, and Zanesville soils. All of the associated soils, except the Zanesville soils do not have fragipans. The moderately deep Adyeville and Tipsaw soils are on backslopes of scarps, benches, and backslopes of hills. The deep or very deep Ebal, very deep Deuchars, and moderately deep Kitterman soils are on shoulders and backslopes. The deep, less clayey Wellston soils are on shoulders and backslopes. The deep or very deep, less clayey Zanesville soils are on summits, shoulders and the upper part of backslopes.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/s) above the fragipan and low to moderately high (0.07 to 1.41 micrometers/s) in the fragipan and below. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan and very slow in the fragipan and below. The potential for surface water runoff is medium to very high. For non-eroded soils, depth to an intermittent, perched high water table is at a depth of 61 to 91 centimeters (2.0 to 3.0 feet) from December to April in most years. For severely eroded soils, depth to an intermittent, perched high water table is at a depth of 46 to 61 centimeters (1.5 to 2.0 feet) from December to April in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn and soybeans, hay and pasture. Some areas are in woodland and wildlife areas. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana. The acreage is of small extent in MLRA 120B.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Perry County, Indiana, 1997. The source of the name is from a small settlement in Perry County.
REMARKS: Diagnostic surface and subsurface horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1) Ochric epipedon- the zone from 0 to 20 cm or 0 to 8 inches (Ap horizon);
2) Argillic horizon- the zone from 20 to 168 cm or 8 to 66 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt/E, Btx1, Btx2, 2Bt1, 2Bt2, 3BCt horizons);
3) Fragipan- the zone from 89 to 124 cm or 35 to 49 inches (Btx2 horizon);
4) Redoximorphic features: from 56 to 229 cm or 22 to 90 inches;
5) Paralithic contact: at 229 cm or 90 inches (4Cr horizon)
This soil is included with Zanesville soils in MLRA 120B. A severely eroded phase is recognized.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Data on pedon numbers S92IN-123-105 (typical pedon), S92IN-123-101, and S92IN-123-104 is at the NSSC, Lincoln, NE.