LOCATION VIENNA SD+MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Vienna silt loam on a 1 % slope in a cultivated field. Soil was moist throughout when described. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark gray 10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; many very fine roots; common very fine pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
Bw1--7 to 12 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common very fine pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw2--12 to 17 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common very fine pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (combined Bw horizons is 7 to 14 inches thick)
2Bk--17 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common very fine pores; 25 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; many fine carbonate masses; 2 percent pebbles; strong effervescence; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (5 to 20 inches thick)
2BCk--30 to 42 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common very fine pores; 22 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine carbonate masses; 2 percent pebbles; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 15 inches thick)
2C--42 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) dry; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations and few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) redoximorphic depletions; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few very fine pores; 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine iron-manganese concretions; 2 percent pebbles; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Codington County, South Dakota; about 2 mile east and 7.5 miles north of Rauville; 2,550 feet south and 250 feet west of the northeast corner of Section 28, T. 119 N., R. 52 W. USGS Still Lake SE, S. Dak. Topographic quadrangle; lat. 45 degrees 5 minutes 12 seconds N. and long. 97 degrees 4 minutes 1 seconds W., NAD27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free calcium carbonate typically is 20 to 25 inches and ranges from 14 to 26 inches. The 10 to 40 inch particle size control section averages between 24 and 35 percent clay. The A and Bw horizons average about 18 percent total sand and contain less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser. The 2Bw, 2Bk and 2C horizons average about 27 percent total sand with more than 15 percent fine sand or coarser. The thickness of the silty and loamy material ranges between 10 and 20 inches. A 1 to 3 inch pebble line typically is at the contact between the two materials. The pebble line is not in some pedons. The mollic epipedon typically ranges from about 8 to 16 inches in thickness and extends into the Bw horizon of most pedons.
The A horizons have value of 3 or 4 and 2 or 3 moist, and chroma of 1 or 2 and 1.5 or less moist. It typically is silty clay loam, but is silt loam or loam in some pedons. Distinct worm casts range from few to many and comprise less than 50 percent of the material. It is moderately acid to neutral.
The Bw horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6 and 2 to 4 moist, and chroma of 1 to 4. The Bw horizon typically is silt loam or silty clay loam but is loam in some pedons. Worm casts range from few to many and comprise less than 25 percent of the material. The Bw horizon is slightly acid to neutral. Some pedons have a 2Bw horizon with loam or clay loam textures.
The 2Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 5 to 7 and 4 to 6 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam or clay loam, but can have thin lenses of fine sandy loam material. The calcium carbonate equivalent ranges from 15 to over 30 percent in the 2Bk horizon. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
The 2BCk and 2C horizons have hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 6 or 7 and 5 or 6 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam or clay loam, but can have vertical wedges of fine sandy loam material. Most pedons have fine or medium redoximorphic features below 50 inches. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barnes, Byrne, Doland, Formdale, Hokans, and Venagro series. Barnes, Formdale, and Hokans soils have more than 15 percent fine sand or coarser in the A and Bw horizons and do not have a 1 to 3 inch contact layer of stones or pebbles in the Bw horizon. Byrne and Doland soils have 20 to 30 inches of silty material over loam or clay loam glacial till. Venagro soils do not have glacial till within 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Vienna soils are nearly level to moderately steep on uplands having plane and slightly convex surfaces. Slope gradients typically are less than 6 percent, but range from 0 to 15 percent. Vienna soils formed in silty and loamy loess over calcareous loamy glacial till. Mean annual temperature ranges from 38 to 48 degrees F and mean annual precipitation is 18 to 25 inches. Growing season is about 120 to 130 days; average growing season precipitation ranges from 15 to 19 inches; and growing degree days are about 2500 to 2900.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Badger, Barnes, Brookings, Buse, Hidewood, Kranzburg, Lismore, McIntosh, and Poinsett soils. The fine textured Badger soils have more than 16 inches of mollic colors, are somewhat poorly drained, and are on lower parts of the landscape. The Barnes soils are on nearby till plains. Buse soils typically are on steeper landscapes and have carbonate at or near the surface. Brookings and Lismore soils have a mollic epipedon more than 16 inches thick and are in swales and shallow drainageways. The fine-silty Hidewood soils are poorly drained and are on lower parts of the landscapes. Kranzburg and Poinsett soils are fine-silty and are on landscapes similar to Vienna. McIntosh soils have a calcic horizon within 16 inches of the surface and are on footslopes.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Surface runoff is low to high. Permeability is moderately slow.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated and the main crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and alfalfa. Native grasses are big bluestem, little bluestem, green needelegrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, Kentucky bluegrass, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA-102A. Northeastern South Dakota and southwestern Minnesota. The series is extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Rock County, Minnesota, 1945.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of about 12 inches (Ap and Bw1 horizons); cambic horizon - the zone from 12 to 17 inches (Bw2 horizon); calcic horizon - the zone from 17 to 42 inches (2Bk and 2BCk horizons).
Occasional saturation can occur on slopes of 6 percent for brief periods of time in above average rainfall periods. In years with normal rainfall, saturation typically does not occur for periods of 1 month or more in the profile.