LOCATION PENHOOK VA
Established Series
MAV; Rev. JAK
10/2021
PENHOOK SERIES
MLRA(s): 136
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderate
Surface Runoff: High
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from fine grained rock such as slate, phyllite, or schist
Slope: 2 to 45 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 55 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, subactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Penhook loam, on a 9 percent slope--mixed hardwood and pine forest. (Colors are for moist soil)
Oi--0 to 1 inches; loose leaves and twigs
Oe--1 to 2 inch; intermediately decomposed organic materials
A--2 to 7 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine, common medium and coarse roots; 14 percent subangular phyllite channers and subrounded quartz gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt1--7 to 10 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine through coarse roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent subangular phyllite channers and subrounded quartz gravel; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--10 to 27 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine through coarse roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent subangular phyllite channers and subrounded quartz gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3--27 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 12 percent subangular phyllite channers and subrounded quartz gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
BCt--44 to 53 inches; red (2.5YR 5/6)parachannery clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common faint clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent subangular phyllite parachanners; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
C--53 to 64 inches; multicolored yellowish red, red, dark red, and reddish yellow loam saprolite; massive; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Franklin County, Virginia, located 6,350 feet south 12 degrees west of the intersection of State Routes 40 and 946; in woodland; in the eastern part of Franklin County; USGS Penhook topographic Quadrangle; lat. 36 degrees 58 minutes 09 seconds N. and long. 79 degrees 38 minutes 27 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to Bedrock: More than 60 inches
Rock Fragments: Gravel and channers, 0 to 25 percent, by volume, throughout
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed
Other Features: Flakes of mica, none to common throughout
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
A or Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam
E horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 10R through 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 5 to 8. Some pedons may have subhorizons with hues of 7.5YR or 10YR in the lower part.
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay. The particle-size control section averages more than 30 percent silt, more than 40 percent silt plus very fine sand, or less than 15 percent sand coarser than very fine sand.
BC or BCt horizon:
Color-hue of 10R through 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 or 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
C horizon:
Color-hue of 2.5YR through 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 6 or 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loam or silt loam
COMPETING SERIES:
In same family:
Littlejoe soils--are deep to paralithic contact
In semiactive family:
Bentley soils--formed in alluvial and/or colluvial capping over residuum
Buffstat soils--are deep to paralithic contact
Clover soils--formed in residuum from Triassic Materials
Strawfield--are moderately deep to lithic contact
Totier soils--deep to paralithic contact in Triassic shale
Warminster soils--are deep to paralithic contact, and formed in residuum of Triassic red shale
Yellowbottom soils--are not as red in the subsoil
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Piedmont
Landform: Interfluves and ridges
Hillslope Profile Position: summits, shoulders, back slopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves and side slopes
Elevation: 300 to 1600 feet
Parent Material: Residuum from phyllites and schists
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 52 to 57 degrees
Mean Annual Precipitation: 40 to 50 inches
Frost Free Period: 175 to 205 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Buffstat soils--are 40 to 60 inches to paralithic contact
Bugley soils--are 10 to 20 inches to lithic contact
Drapermill soils--are 20 to 40 inches to lithic contact, and have less clay in the subsoil
Fairystone soils--are 20 to 40 inches to lithic contact, and more than 35 percent rock fragments
Happyland soils--have less clay in the subsoil
Littlejoe soils--are 40 to 60 inches to paralithic contact
Strawfield soils--20 to 40 inches to lithic contact
Yellowbottom soils--are less red in the subsoil
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Agricultural Drainage Class: Well drained
Internal free water occurrence: Absent
Permeability of Restrictive Layer (upper 60 inches): Moderate
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, cropland, forestland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-corn, soybeans, small grain, hay. Where wooded-mixed hardwoods, or pines.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia, North Carolina
Extent: Small
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Franklin County, Virginia, 2004
REMARKS: Penhook soils were formerly recognized in the Georgeville series. The 4/97 relocation of the mesic/thermic line in North Carolina and Virginia dictated the need for the Penhook series as a mesic counterpart. The soil horizon depths were revised on 10/2021 to ensure the description began at the soil surface.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon-the zone from 0 to 7 inches (O and A horizons)
Argillic horizon-the zone from 7 to 44 inches (Bt horizons)
Series control section-0 to 60 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA: This pedon sampled as S98VA067-006. Additional sample is S97VA067-008.
Typical Pedon Data Mapunit ID:27437
Benchmark Status: No
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness
SC0014 NONE >6.0 - >80 -
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC-
SC0014 0-7 L VFSL SIL 0-2 80-100 5-27 8-16
SC0014 0-7 SICL CL 0-2 90-100 27-35 8-16
SC0014 7-37 C SIC SICL CL 0-1 95-100 35-65 9-15
SC0014 37-61 SICL L SIL CL 0-5 90-100 15-40 7-15
SC0124 0-7 GR-L;GR-SIL;GR-VFSL 0-10 55-75 5-27 8-16
SC0124 7-37 C SIC SICL CL 0-1 95-100 35-65 9-15
SC0124 37-61 SICL L SIL CL 0-5 90-100 15-40 7-15
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll
SC0014 0-7 3.5-5.5 0.5-2.0 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW
SC0014 0-7 3.5-5.5 0.0-0.5 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW
SC0014 7-37 3.5-5.5 0.0-0.5 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW
SC0014 37-61 3.5-5.5 0.0-0.5 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.