LOCATION WYKOFF WI+MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Wykoff loam - on a 9 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak very fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 9 inches thick)
E--8 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak thin platy structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
BE--9 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak medium platy structure parting to moderate very fine subangular blocky; friable; faint thin light gray (10YR 7/2) dry silt coatings on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 5 inches thick)
Bt1--12 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; faint thin discontinuous dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bt2--15 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; faint thin discontinuous dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds, in root channels, and in stone imprints; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 8 to 14 inches.)
BC--23 to 30 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; medium acid; clear smooth boundary. (6 to 8 inches thick.)
C--30 to 60 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) stratified gravelly loam and sandy loam; massive; friable; medium acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Pierce County, Wisconsin; about 1/4 mile south of Lawton; 1,750 feet south and 150 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 26 N., R. 17 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 40 inches. Volume of pebbles ranges from 0 to 20 percent in the solum and 10 to 20 percent in the substratum. Volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout the pedon. The A horizon is neutral to medium acid. The B horizon is strongly acid to slightly acid. The C horizon is medium acid to slightly acid.
The Ap or A horizon has 10YR hue, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. Lower value and chroma is typical for the A horizon. Where the Ap horizon has low value and chroma moist, the color value dry is 6 or more. It is typically loam and atypically silt loam or gravelly loam.
The E horizon has 10YR or 7.5YR hue, value of 4 through 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is silt loam or loam. The BE horizon has 10YR or 7.5YR hue, value and chroma of 3 or 4.
The Bt horizon has 10YR or 7.5YR hue, value and chroma of 4 or 5. It is loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or the gravelly analogues.
The BC horizon has 7.5YR or 5YR hue, value and chroma of 4 or 5. It is loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogues.
The C horizon has 7.5YR or 5YR hue, value of 3 through 5, and chroma of 4 through 6. It typically is stratified with gravelly loam and gravelly sandy loam, but in some pedons, there are thin strata of coarser textures.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chenault, Chili, Coggan, Conestoga, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hayden, Hebron, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kalamazoo, Kanawha, Kendallville, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, Martinsville, McHenry, Miami, Mifflin, Military, Nodine, Norden, Ockley, Owosso, Pecatonica, Princeton, Rawson, Relay, Renova, Richland, Riddles, Rockbridge, Roseville, Sisson, Strawn, Summitville, Theresa, Wawasee, Westville, Whalan, and Woodbine series in the same family. Amanda, Chenault, Chili, Coggan, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hickory, Kalamazoo, Kanawha, Martinville, Mifflin, Nodine, Ockley, Pecatonica, Princeton, Renova, Richland, Riddles, Roseville, Westville, and Woodbine soils have sola thicker than 40 inches. Belmont, Conestoga, and Hollinger soils receive more rainfall. Belmore and Lindley soils do not have 5YR hue in the lower part of the solum above a depth of 40 inches. Hayden, Letort, Rawson, Relay, and Wauwasee soils have yellower hue within the lower part of the series control section. Hebron, Kendallville, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, McHenry, Miami, Sisson, Strawn, and Theresa soils have free carbonates within a depth of 40 inches. Mandeville soils have a paralithic contact within a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Owosso soils have more sand in the particle-size control section. Rockbridge soils contain more coarse fragments in the lower part of the series control section, Summitville soils have redder hue in the upper part of the argillic horizon and range to a thinner solum although there is some overlap.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wykoff soils are on ground moraines. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent. They formed in 20 to 40 inches of loamy and silty deposits and the underlying gravelly sandy loam and loam drift. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 32 inches, and mean annual temperature ranges from 47 to 56 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Renova soils and the Vlasaty soils. The well drained Renova and moderately well drained Vlasaty soils are on similar topography. The Wykoff soils occur where the till contains less clay and shows more evidence of sorting by water.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium to rapid. Permeability is moderate.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil have been cleared. The less sloping areas are cropped to corn, small grain, and hay. The more sloping areas are used for pasture. A few areas remain in woodland. Native vegetation was mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota. Wykoff soils are of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fillmore County, Minnesota, 1955.
REMARKS: Until 1972, Minnesota had responsibility for the Wykoff series. In 1972, the responsibility of the series was relinquished to Wisconsin. The series has not been used in Wisconsin since it was last correlated in Pierce County in 1965. The particle-size class has been changed from fine-loamy over sandy or sandyskeletal to fine-loamy based upon the typical pedon described in the Pierce County, Wisconsin Soil Survey Report.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 8 inches (Ap horizon); argillic horizon - zone from 12 to 23 inches (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).