LOCATION RICHLAND           OH
Established Series
TNR-DRM; Rev. DHK
01/2006

RICHLAND SERIES


The Richland series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in colluvial materials. These upland soils have moderate permeability. Slopes range from 3 to 40 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 51 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is about 41 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Richland loam - on an 18 percent linear southeast-facing slope in a pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone including 3 percent more than 15 inches in length; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of A horizons is 5 to 12 inches.)

BA--5 to 8 inches; 60 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 40 percent brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone including 3 percent more than 15 inches in length; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 11 inches thick)

Bt1--8 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 10 percent flat and rounded fragments of fine grained sandstone; common distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2--20 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few roots; 15 percent flat fragments of fine and coarse grained sandstone; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) concretions and stains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3--36 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery clay loam; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 20 percent flat fragments of fine and coarse grained sandstone; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and coarse fragments; few distinct brown (10YR 5/3) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt coats on faces of peds; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) concretions and stains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4--44 to 55 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) channery clay loam; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few roots; 30 percent flat and rounded fragments of coarse grained sandstone; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and coarse fragments; common distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and brown (10YR 5/3) silt coats on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 30 to 48 inches.)

C--55 to 80 inches; variegated strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very channery clay loam; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm; 45 percent flat and rounded fragments of coarse grained sandstone; slightly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Belmont County, Ohio; Richland Township; 2 miles south of St. Clairsville; 2600 feet east and 700 feet south of the northwest corner, sec. 1., T. 7 N., R. 4 W.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 44 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 10 feet. Rock fragments of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone range from 5 to 20 percent in the A and upper part of the Bt horizon, from 20 to 35 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, and from 20 to 55 percent in the C horizon. About one-half are thin, flat fragments and the remainder are angular or rounded. In addition, about one-half are larger than 3 inches in size. A moderately stony phase is recognized that has stones 10 to 30 feet apart on the surface, and stony and very stony phases are permitted.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 (5 or 6 dry), and chroma of 2 to 4. Where value is 3 and chroma is 2 or 3, the horizon is less than 7 inches thick. The Ap is loam, silt loam, or their cobbly or channery analogues. Some pedons have an A horizon, 2 to 5 inches thick, that has value of 3 and chroma of 2 or 3. An E horizon, 2 to 7 inches thick, is present in some pedons. It has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The Ap or A horizon and E horizon are neutral to stongly acid.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. Mottles in the lower part have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 5 or 6; and chroma of 2 to 8. The Bt horizon is loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam or their gravelly, cobbly, channery, or flaggy analogues. It is dominantly neutral to strongly acid. The lower part of the Bt horizon is neutral to moderately acid.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. Mottles have hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. The C horizon is gravelly, very gravelly, cobbly, very cobbly, channery, very channery, flaggy, or very flaggy analogues of loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. It is neutral to moderately acid.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Amanda, Belmont, Belmore, Chenault, Chili, Coggon, Conestoga, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Grellton, Hayden, Hebron, Hickory, High Gap, Hollinger, Kalamazoo, Kanawha, Kendallville, Kidder, Kosciusko, LeRoy, Letort, Lindley, Mandeville, Martinsville, McHenry, Miami, Mifflin, Military, Nodine, Norden, Ockley, Owosso, Pecatonica, Princeton, Rawson, Relay, Renova, Riddles, Roseville, Sisson, Skelton, Strawn, Summitville, Theresa, Wawasee, Westville, Whalan, Woodbine, and Wykoff series in the same family and the Hayter series. Amanda, Coggon, Hayden, Hickory, Lindley, McHenry, Owosso, Pecatonica, Renova, Riddles, Wawasee, and Westville soils contain less coarse fragments in the solum, have coarse fragments of mixed lithology, and have the solum or lower part of the solum formed in till. Belmont, Hebron, Hollinger, Kendallville, Kidder, LeRoy, Mandeville, Miami, Relay, Sisson, Strawn, Theresa, and Wykoff soils have sola less than 42 inches thick. Belmore, Chili, Douds, El Dara, Gallman, Kalamazoo and Ockley soils lack thin flat fragments of sandstone, siltstone, and shale and typically contain more sand and gravel in the lower part of the solum and C horizons and are more stratified in all or part of the solum. Chenault, Roseville, and Woodbine soils have clayey textures from residuum in the lower part of the solum. Conestoga and Letort soils contain mica flakes and coarse fragments of micaeous limestone or schist throughout the solum. Grellton soils lack rock fragments within the series control section and contain less sand in much of the argillic horizon. High Gap, Military, Norden, and Whalan soils have a lithic contact at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Kanawha and Martinsville soils contain less coarse fragments in the solum and are formed in sandy or loamy water sorted material. Mifflin, Princeton, and Skelton soils lack coarse fragments in the solum. In addition, Mifflin soils formed in loamy residuum from sandy limestone and Princeton soils formed in stratified, aeolian silt an d fine sand. Nodine soils have a stratified argillic horizon. Rawson soils contain more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the solum or substratum. Summitville soils have hue of 5YR or redder in the lower part of the Bt horizons. In addition, Summitville soils range from strongly to extremely acid in the upper part of the Bt horizons. Hayter soils are more acid and have lower base saturation.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Richland soils are on colluvial foot slopes, fans, and benches that have a plane or concave surface. They are gently sloping to steep with slope gradients commonly between 8 and 25 percent with a range of 3 to 40 percent. The soils formed in loamy materials weathered from fine-grained sandstone, siltstone, and shale with minor amounts of limestone which has been mixed by down-slope movement. Mean annual temperature ranges from 46 to 55 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation ranges from 39 to 43 inches.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Culleoka, Dekalb, Elba, Lowell, Westmore, and Westmoreland soils. Culleoka and Dekalb soils are on narrow summits and shoulder slopes where fine-grained sandstone bedrock occurs at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Elba soils are on side slopes and benches formed in clayey residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone, and have free carbonates at a depth of 10 to 30 inches. Lowell soils are on summits, side slopes, and benches, formed in clayey residuum from interbedded limestone, shale, siltstone, and thin layers of sandstone. Westmore soils are on summits, side slopes, and benches. They formed in a silt mantle 20 to 36 inches and the underlying clayey residuum from limestone, shale, and siltstone. Westmoreland soils are on summits, foot slopes, and benches; and have interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and some shale bedrock at depths of 40 to 70 inches. Westmoreland soils also have lower base saturation.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is medium or rapid. Permeability is moderate.

USE AND VEGETATION: The smoother stone free areas are cleared and used for growing crops. Mixed hay, corn, and small grain are the principal crops. Other areas are in pasture or woodland. Native vegetation was mainly tulip poplar, beech, maple, hickory, and walnut.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Ohio and possibly Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Belmont County, Ohio; 1978.

REMARKS: Classification only was changed in 11/94, competing series and other changes will be made later.
The 01/2006 revision updates this soil to the 9th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (2003). The CEC activity class placement is based on NASIS data elements for twelve Ohio Counties and not on laboratory data. This data also supports Paleudalfs, based on the RV clay values. Class placement may be revised in the future when laboratory data are reviewed or become available.

Competing series, pedon description (including horizon nomenclature and/or descriptive terms), and other sections on the OSD were not revised.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from the surface to a depth of about 8 inches (Ap and BA horizons)
Argillic horizon - from a depth of about 8 to 55 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons)

ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory base saturation data is available for the typical pedon and for several additional pedons. Laboratory characterization data is on file for BT-3.

Previous revision dates: 11/94-TNR, DRM


National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.